Brief
Carl Sagan
The claims the writer was given for Carl Sagan, in the order they were given.
1
Carl Sagan considers that space visitations by extraterrestrials, if they occurred at all, would be very rare.
“Scientists like Carl Sagan pointed out that space visitations, if they occurred at all, would be very rare.”
Messengers of Deception: UFO Contacts and Cults 0101-01-01 ch5:3524-3626 opinion second hand
2
If no terminal manoeuvres are performed, the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft will never, in 10^10 years, enter any other solar system, even if every star in the Milky Way Galaxy has a planetary system comparable to our own, and could only be intercepted by an interstellar spacefaring society much more advanced than our own.
“If no such terminal manoeuvres are performed, simple collision physics calculations show that the spacecraft will never, in 10¹⁰ years, enter any other solar system - even if every star in the Milky Way Galaxy has a planetary system comparable to our own. In this case, the spacecraft can be intercepted only by an interstellar spacefaring society much more advanced than our own.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 61-67 opinion first hand
3
A civilization on a planet of a nearby star with technology no more advanced than Earth's could determine the artificiality of Earth's radio signals by auto-correlation techniques.
“Even with a technology no more advanced than our own, a civilization on a planet of a nearby star could easily determine, by auto-correlation techniques, the artificiality of these radio signals.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:1084-1271 opinion first hand
4
Intentional interstellar radio messages should be detected and decrypted far more readily than incidental radio leakage.
“Intentional interstellar radio messages should be detected and decrypted far more readily.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:1280-1362 opinion first hand
5
The visible outline of the North American continent in orbital night photography is due to the lights of large cities, but without ground truth it is unlikely an extraterrestrial observer could reliably draw that conclusion.
“the outline of the North American continent in figure 11 is due to the lights of large cities; but without ground truth it is unlikely that an extraterrestrial observer would be able reliably to draw such a conclusion”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:13390-13597 opinion first hand
6
One possible interstellar message content is m-dimensional imagery represented by transmission of numbers that are the products of m prime numbers.
“(1) *m*-dimensional imagery represented by the transmission of numbers which are the products of *m* prime numbers”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:1483-1589 opinion first hand
7
Another possible interstellar message content is the use of common mathematics, physics or astronomy to convey a range of information on more difficult subjects.
“the use of a common mathematics, physics or astronomy to convey a range of information on more difficult subjects”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:1606-1711 opinion first hand
8
Carl Sagan considers that the Viking landings on Mars, planned for 1976, may conceivably cast some light on the possibility of microbial or macrobial life on Mars.
“The Viking landings on Mars in 1976 may conceivably cast some light on this problem.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:16536-16612 opinion first hand
9
Carl Sagan was affiliated with the Center for Radiophysics and Space Research at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York.
“Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, U.S.A.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:167-259 administrative first hand
10
A Mariner 9 photograph of a cratered Martian surface in Hesperia shows an array of dark streaks radiating from craters, attributed to a regular quasi-linear pattern caused by windblown particulates.
“FIGURE 14. Crater-associated array of streaks in Hesperia. Mariner 9 photograph DAS 6175228. Again a regular quasi-linear pattern due to windblown particulates.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:17486-17633 observation first hand
11
A Mariner 9 photograph of the south polar region of Mars shows a crater near the terminator with a ring-like defrosted interior visible against the bright polar surface.
“FIGURE 15. Crater in south polar region of Mars with defrosted interior ramparts. Mariner 9 photograph DAS 2496905.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:17648-17755 observation first hand
12
A Mariner 9 photograph shows Phobos, the heavily cratered moon of Mars, against black space.
“FIGURE 17. Phobos. Mariner 9 photograph IPL 1008:082243.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:18239-18288 observation first hand
13
Despite the enormous interstellar distances and the inverse square law attenuation, Earth's radio and television transmissions would be detectable by a civilization no more advanced than Earth's own at a distance of about 10 light years.
“Despite the enormous interstellar distances and the inverse square law attenuation of this transmission, such signals would be detectable by a civilization no more advanced than ours at a distance of some 10 light years.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:18631-18845 opinion first hand
14
By 1975, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence had recently evolved from a largely disreputable pseudoscience into a speculative endeavour within the boundaries of science.
“The search for extraterrestrial intelligence has recently evolved from a largely disreputable pseudoscience to an interesting although extremely speculative endeavour within the boundaries of science.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:1884-2076 opinion first hand
15
Carl Sagan considers this 1975 Royal Society discussion meeting itself an indication of the growing respectability of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.
“This discussion meeting of the Royal Society is itself an indication of the growing respectability of the subject.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:2085-2191 opinion first hand
16
The Arecibo radio telescope is a 305 metre semi-steerable radio telescope.
“the 305 m semi-steerable Arecibo radio telescope”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:20853-20892 measurement first hand
17
The Arecibo radio telescope is operated by Cornell University for the National Science Foundation.
“operated by Cornell University for the National Science Foundation”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:20903-20959 administrative first hand
18
With a 1 Hz bandpass and a bit rate of about 1 bit per second, two Arecibo-class radio telescopes could communicate with each other from essentially anywhere in the Milky Way Galaxy.
“With a 1 Hz bandpass and bit rate of about 1 bit per second, the two radio telescopes could be essentially anywhere in the Milky Way Galaxy and still communicate with each other.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:21081-21253 measurement first hand
19
With its radar transmitter and narrow bandpasses, the Arecibo radio telescope is 10^6 to 10^9 times brighter than the Sun at the same frequency.
“With its new radar transmitter and narrow bandpasses the Arecibo telescope is 10⁶-10⁹ times brighter than the Sun at the same frequency.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:21261-21387 measurement first hand
20
Intentional radio communication among civilisations within about a 1000 light year radius of Earth might be accomplished even if the other civilisation were no more advanced than terrestrial civilisation.
“This implies that intentional communication among civilizations within, say, a 1000 light year radius of the Earth might be accomplished even if the other civilization were no more advanced than we.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:21399-21594 opinion first hand
21
At most a dozen 'natural' channels for interstellar communication have been proposed.
“at most a dozen 'natural' channels for interstellar communication have been proposed (Drake & Sagan 1973)”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:21925-22025 observation second hand
22
Several hundred stars have been examined at one or at most two frequencies for interstellar radio signals to date.
“Several hundred stars have been so examined at one or at most two frequencies to date”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:22242-22323 observation first hand
23
B. Zuckerman and P. Palmer conducted the most elaborate search of stars for interstellar radio signals at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), and it is still underway.
“the most elaborate search, which is still underway, being that of Zuckerman and Palmer at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:22329-22448 observation first hand
24
Even optimistic estimates imply that hundreds of thousands of stars must be examined before the nearest technical civilisation is uncovered.
“even estimates which are considered optimistic imply that hundreds of thousands of stars must be examined before the nearest technical civilisation is uncovered (Shklovskii & Sagan 1967; Sagan 1973a)”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:22469-22656 opinion second hand
25
As of the time of writing, only about 0.1% or less of the necessary search effort to find the nearest technical civilisation had been performed.
“Therefore we have performed only 0.1% or less of the necessary effort to date.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:22672-22745 opinion first hand
26
Carl Sagan considers it highly improbable that there are other communicative civilisations in the Milky Way Galaxy as technologically backward as terrestrial civilisation, since terrestrial civilisation has only recently achieved radio astronomical capability.
“Because terrestrial civilization has only recently achieved radio astronomical capability, it is highly improbable that there are any other communicative civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy so backward as we.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:22752-22959 opinion first hand
27
Carl Sagan argues that it makes considerable sense for terrestrial civilisation to receive rather than to transmit interstellar messages.
“It therefore makes considerable sense for us to receive rather than to transmit messages.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:22963-23043 opinion first hand
28
Carl Sagan argues that the uniquely backward position of terrestrial technology argues against the view that a search for extraterrestrial signals would take uncomfortably long periods of time.
“It is precisely the recognition of the uniquely backward position of terrestrial technology which argues against the otherwise cogent contention of Bates (1974) that the search for signals might take uncomfortably long periods of time.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:23859-24089 opinion first hand
29
Carl Sagan considers that a dedicated search programme of some decades, using existing technology, would represent a very significant attack on the problem of detecting extraterrestrial signals.
“With existing technology, a dedicated search programme of some decades would represent a very significant attack on the problem.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:24095-24296 opinion first hand
30
A set of pulses containing the first 30 prime numbers, repeated many times at different bit rates and radio frequencies, would be an unambiguous announcement signal of extraterrestrial artificiality.
“a set of pulses containing the first 30 prime numbers, repeated many times at different bit rates and radio frequencies, would be an unambiguous announcement signal”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:24477-24635 opinion first hand
31
The first example of prime-number-image encrypting for an interstellar message was provided by Frank Drake.
“The first example of such a prime number image encrypting was provided by Drake (see figures 21 and 22).”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:26891-26991 administrative first hand
32
Shannon's theorem states that the maximum information communication rate equals the bandwidth times the logarithm to base 2 of the signal-to-noise ratio.
“Shannon's theorem says that the maximum information communication rate equals the bandwidth times the logarithm to base 2 of the signal-to-noise ratio.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:27554-27699 observation first hand
33
Figure 21 depicts a 551-bit encrypting prototype interstellar message shown as rows of binary digits, after Frank Drake, described in Shklovskii & Sagan (1966).
“[image: Figure 21. A 551 bit encrypting prototype interstellar message shown as rows of binary digits (ones and zeros). After Drake; described in Shklovskii & Sagan (1966).]”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:27710-27875 observation first hand
34
Carl Sagan considers the likelihood of extraterrestrial intelligence within the confines of the Solar System to be generally taken as small, independent of whether there is life on other planets of the Solar System.
“The likelihood of extraterrestrial intelligence within the confines of the Solar System is generally taken to be small, independent of whether there is life on other planets of the Solar System.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:2794-2981 opinion first hand
35
Carl Sagan considers a significant departure from thermodynamic equilibrium a necessary but not sufficient condition for the recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence.
“A necessary but not sufficient condition for the recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence is a significant departure from thermodynamic equilibrium.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:280-420 opinion first hand
36
Figure 22 shows the decrypting of the message in figure 21 into a 19 by 29 television raster.
“[image: Figure 22. Decrypting of the message in figure 21 into a 19 x 29 television raster, shown as a grid of dots forming a pictorial image.]”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:28003-28138 observation first hand
37
Pulsars have a range of frequency channels with individual bandpasses of about 10 kHz, ranging through the entire electromagnetic spectrum of about 10 GHz, equivalent to about 10^6 frequency channels.
“pulsars apparently have a range of frequency channels of individual bandpasses of about 10 kHz, ranging through the entire electromagnetic spectrum of about 10 GHz. This is the equivalent of about 10⁶ frequency channels.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:28653-28864 measurement first hand
38
Pulsars have about 100 amplitude channels and about 10 time channels for fine structure, plus some polarisation channels.
“There are also about 100 amplitude channels, and about 10 time channels for fine structure. There are also some polarization channels.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:28874-28999 measurement first hand
39
With a pulse duration of about 0.1 seconds, pulsars have a communications rate of very roughly 10^11 bits per second.
“With of the order of 0.1 s/pulse, this is a communications rate of very roughly 10¹¹ bits per second.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:29009-29103 measurement first hand
40
Applying Shannon's theorem with a fair signal-to-noise ratio and an information transmission rate of 10^11 bits per second gives an optimum bandwidth of about 10 GHz, matching the observed pulsar bandwidth.
“if we use Shannon's theorem with some fair signal-to-noise and the information transmission rate of 10¹¹ bits per second, we find that the optimum bandwidth is about 10 GHz, the observed bandwidth.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:29402-29589 measurement first hand
41
Carl Sagan considers pulsars the only 'natural' phenomena in astronomy to approach the information transmission efficiency of Shannon's theorem, though this is not a compelling argument for their artificiality and no message content has ever been suggested.
“Thus pulsars are the only 'natural' phenomena in astronomy to approach the information transmission efficiency of Shannon's theorem. But this is not, of course, a compelling argument for their artificiality, and no message content has ever been suggested.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:29600-29845 opinion first hand
42
Interstellar spaceflight is an alternative, more expensive, difficult and time-consuming mode of interstellar communication that is not excluded by present physics.
“There is however an entirely separate conceivable mode of interstellar communication which is not excluded by present physics, and that is interstellar spaceflight. This method is much more expensive, difficult and time-consuming than electromagnetic channels, but it cannot be excluded on such grounds.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:30169-30464 opinion first hand
43
Carl Sagan's personal view is that none of the claims of past extraterrestrial visitation of Earth (historical artefacts and legends, UFO sightings, or patterns in ionospheric echo delay times) has anything even approaching compelling evidence.
“My personal view is that for none of these claims is there anything even approaching compelling evidence for interstellar visitation.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:31064-31186 opinion first hand
44
Carl Sagan considers the folk-scientific claims of past extraterrestrial visitation to represent a curious mixture of wishful thinking, psychological projective tests, misapprehension of natural phenomena, and ignorance of archaeology.
“Instead they seem to represent a curious potpourri of wishful thinking, psychological projective tests, the misapprehension of natural phenomena, and an ignorance of archaeology.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:31198-31364 opinion first hand
45
Carl Sagan states there is no reason to think evidence of interstellar visits may not be forthcoming in the future, but by the usual standards of scientific evidence there is no reason to think such evidence exists today.
“There is no reason to think that evidence of interstellar visits may not be forthcoming in the future. But by the usual standards of scientific evidence there is no reason to think that such evidence exists today.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:31454-31661 opinion first hand
46
Human technology is already engaged in interstellar spaceflight, indicating that interstellar spaceflight is not impossible.
“One indication that interstellar spaceflight is not impossible is the fact that human technology is already engaged in it.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:31669-31829 opinion first hand
47
The Pioneer 10 spacecraft flew by Jupiter on 1973-12-03.
“The Pioneer 10 spacecraft, which flew by Jupiter on 3 December 1973”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:31844-31907 observation first hand
48
The Pioneer 11 spacecraft was scheduled to pass Saturn in 1979.
“the Pioneer 11 spacecraft scheduled to pass Saturn in 1979”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:31917-31971 observation first hand
49
Both the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft have trajectories that, through momentum exchange with a major planet, will eject them from the Solar System.
“both have trajectories which, through momentum exchange with a major planet, will eject them from the Solar System”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:31977-32085 observation first hand
50
The interstellar spaceflight of the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft is unpowered, with a transit time over a few light years of about 10^5 years.
“Their interstellar spaceflight is unpowered and the transit time over a few light years is about 10⁵ years.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:32093-32194 measurement first hand
51
It may be possible to perform terminal trajectory adjustments that would direct the Pioneer 10 or Pioneer 11 spacecraft to the vicinities of stars within about 100 light years of Earth, in which case they might conceivably be intercepted in about 10^6 years.
“It may be possible to do terminal trajectory adjustments which will direct these spacecraft to the vicinities of stars within 100 light years of the Earth. In such a case, the spacecraft might just conceivably be intercepted in about 10⁶ years.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:32201-32439 opinion first hand
52
Figure 23 shows the plaque aboard the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft, depicting a diagram of the hydrogen hyperfine transition, a radial pattern of pulsars indicating the Sun's location, line drawings of a nude man and woman, an outline of the spacecraft, and a diagram of the Solar System with the spacecraft's trajectory.
“[image: Figure 23. The plaque aboard the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft, showing a diagram of the hydrogen hyperfine transition, a radial pattern of pulsars indicating the Sun's location, line drawings of a nude man and woman, an outline of the spacecraft behind them, and a diagram of the Solar System with the spacecraft's trajectory.]”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:32532-32854 observation first hand
53
Carl Sagan and colleagues considered it appropriate that a simple cosmic greeting card be aboard the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft, despite the remoteness of the contingencies for their interception.
“Despite the remoteness of these contingencies, we felt it appropriate that a simple cosmic greeting card be aboard the two spacecraft.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:33230-33353 opinion first hand
54
The Pioneer plaque message was designed by Carl Sagan, Linda Sagan and Frank Drake.
“The message (Sagan, Sagan & Drake 1972)”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:33365-33399 administrative first hand
55
The Pioneer plaque message is attached to the antenna support struts of the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft and is engraved on a 15 centimetre by 22.5 centimetre gold-anodised aluminium plate.
“The message (Sagan, Sagan & Drake 1972), attached to the antenna support struts of the two spacecraft, is engraved on a 15 cm × 22½ cm gold-anodized aluminium plate, and is shown in figure 23.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:33365-33554 measurement first hand
56
Except for the depictions of the two human beings, which will be deeply mysterious to an extraterrestrial civilisation, Carl Sagan and colleagues believed the remainder of the Pioneer plaque message is written in a scientific language that will be at least moderately clear to any extraterrestrial technological civilisation.
“Except for the two human beings who will be deeply mysterious, the remainder of the message is written in a scientific language which we think will be at least moderately clear to any extraterrestrial technological civilization.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:33558-33773 opinion first hand
57
The Pioneer plaque message employs a physics and astronomy that an extraterrestrial civilisation capable of receiving it must share with humanity.
“It employs a physics and astronomy which such a civilisation must share with us.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:33839-33916 opinion first hand
58
The Pioneer 10 message, even without the human beings, spacecraft and Solar System representations, was readily decrypted by academic astronomers and physicists in tests performed before any public announcement of the existence of the Pioneer 10 plaque.
“The Pioneer 10 message, even without the human beings, spacecraft and Solar System representations, was readily decrypted by academic astronomers and physicists in tests performed before any public announcement of the existence of the Pioneer 10 plaque.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:33994-34240 observation first hand
59
Carl Sagan considers the decryption test of the Pioneer 10 plaque message not an ideal test, because of the common biology and culture of the designers and decrypters.
“This is of course not an ideal test because of the common biology and culture of the designers and decrypters.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:34248-34347 opinion first hand
60
The Pioneer plaque is mankind's first conscious effort to transmit a message to extraterrestrial civilisations.
“a better test of the decryptability of this plaque, mankind's first conscious effort to transmit a message to extraterrestrial civilisations, is unlikely to come soon”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:34359-34521 opinion first hand
61
Carl Sagan considers a civilization 100 years behind Earth's technology to be undetectable by, for example, radio transmission.
“A civilization 100 years behind us would be indetectable - for example by radio transmission.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:3470-3550 opinion first hand
62
Carl Sagan considers a civilization 100 years more advanced than Earth's to be almost certainly readily detectable through radio observations, photographic investigations by flyby spacecraft, and visitations to Earth.
“A civilization 100 years in advance of us would almost certainly be readily detectable in a variety of ways including radio observations, photographic investigations by our flyby spacecraft, and visitations from such a planet to the Earth.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:3564-3797 opinion first hand
63
Figure 1 shows a portion of the planet Earth photographed from space, showing cloud patterns over the ocean and a coastline, courtesy of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
“[image: Figure 1. A portion of the planet Earth photographed from space, showing cloud patterns over the ocean and a coastline.] Figure 1. A portion of the planet Earth. Identification of geographic features is left as an exercise for the reader. Courtesy, N.A.S.A.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:36386-36649 observation first hand
64
Carl Sagan estimates the chance of there being an extraterrestrial civilization within the Solar System at about 10 to the power of minus 7.
“such simple considerations suggest that the chance of there being an extraterrestrial civilization within the Solar System is about 10⁻⁷.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:3934-4066 measurement first hand
65
A Mariner 9 photograph of a Martian surface region near Cerberus shows an array of pyramidal forms and craters, with the facets probably of aeolian origin.
“FIGURE 16. An array of pyramidal forms near Cerberus. Facets are probably of aeolian origin. See Gipson & Ablordeppey (1974). Mariner 9 photograph DAS 7794853.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:42562-42713 observation first hand
66
Figure 6 shows Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas, and Carl Sagan states that large urban areas and the straight lines of roads are among the major signs of intelligent life on Earth detectable at 100 metre resolution.
“FIGURE 6. This photograph shows the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas. Large urban areas such as these, and the straight lines of roads are among the major signs of intelligent life on Earth detectable at 100 m resolution. Courtesy, N.A.S.A.”
The recognition of extraterrestrial intelligence 1975 char:8713-8957 opinion first hand
67
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) issued documents responding to letters from Robert Roe, Chairman of the United States House Committee on Science, Space and Technology, using Carl Sagan's Parade magazine article as a model.
“Various documents were issued, seemingly using Carl Sagan’s Parade hit piece as a model, in response to letters and requests from (among others), Representative Robert Roe, Chairman of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology.”
Dark Mission 2010-07-22 ch10:14499-14728 administrative first hand
68
Carl Sagan told John Brandenberg regarding Brandenberg's work on Cydonia that the question is not whether he is right or wrong, and that he is not even in the conversation.
““The question is not whether you are right or wrong, sir. You are not even in the conversation.”—Dr. Carl Sagan to Dr. John Brandenburg, regarding Brandenburg’s work on Cydonia.”
Dark Mission 2010-07-22 ch10:95-264 testimony first hand
69
Richard C. Hoagland objected to the use of the term Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) because he considered it a moniker developed by Carl Sagan for radio astronomy searches for stray radio signals from other stellar systems, which Hoagland believed gave unnecessary credibility to what he saw as a waste of time or an outright scam.
“He objected to the use of the term “SETI.” This was a moniker developed by Carl Sagan for the use of radio astronomy to scan for stray radio signals from other stellar systems... Hoagland felt that the use of SETI gave unnecessary credibility to what he had come to believe was a waste of time at best or an outright scam at worst.”
Dark Mission 2010-07-22 ch11:2136-2517 opinion first hand
70
Richard C. Hoagland believed using the term Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) would give Carl Sagan unearned influence over the philosophical development of the new science of extraterrestrial archaeology.
“Hoagland also felt using this term gave Sagan the political playing field, and would permit him to hold an unearned sway over the philosophical development of what was essentially a brand new science—“extraterrestrial archaeology.””
Dark Mission 2010-07-22 ch11:2667-2886 opinion first hand
71
The Mars Pathfinder landing site became known as Sagan Memorial Station, named after Carl Sagan.
“the landing site, "Sagan Memorial Station" as it came to be known, after "The Carl" himself”
Dark Mission 2010-07-22 ch12:154170-154254 administrative
72
Donald Menzel served as Carl Sagan's mentor at Harvard University and was essentially the Carl Sagan of his day.
“Menzel, who served as Dr. Carl Sagan's mentor at Harvard, was essentially the Carl Sagan of his day”
Dark Mission 2010-07-22 ch12:71270-71366 administrative
73
In December 2000, after seeing the glass tube images on Richard C. Hoagland's website, Arthur C. Clarke made a fuss about them at an event hosted by Carl Sagan's Planetary Society.
“After seeing the images on Hoagland’s website, Clarke made a fuss about them at an event in December 2000 hosted by Carl Sagan’s Planetary Society.”
Dark Mission 2010-07-22 ch14:36829-36968 administrative
74
Carl Sagan eventually gave up trying to get Louis Friedman to look at the Cydonia images, and told John Brandenberg and David Webb he would deny the meeting took place if he were ever asked about it.
“Sagan eventually gave up trying to get Friedman to look, and then told Brandenburg and Webb that he would deny the meeting took place if he were ever asked about it.”
Dark Mission 2010-07-22 ch14:37597-37759 testimony second hand
75
While helping Mark Carlotto publish papers, Carl Sagan simultaneously attacked the Cydonia issue publicly in a disinformation piece in Parade magazine.
“Oddly, at the same time he was doing this, Sagan was attacking the whole issue publicly with an infamous disinformation piece in *Parade* magazine.17”
Dark Mission 2010-07-22 ch8:14041-14188 opinion first hand
76
Carl Sagan admitted that the discovery of Mercury's magnetic field by Mariner 10 created a need for serious revision of science's view of planetary magnetism.
“even Carl Sagan admitted that there was a need for serious revision of science’s view of planetary magnetism.”
Dark Mission 2010-07-22 ch9:49701-49800 opinion second hand
77
Cornell University professor Carl Sagan has stated many times that there is no evidence that unidentified aerial objects and visitors exist.
“Cornell University professor Dr. Carl Sagan has stated many times that there is no evidence that unidentified aerial objects-and presumably visitors exist.”
Communion 2013-06-16 ch14:25715-25864 opinion second hand
78
Tyler D. found and read a copy of Carl Sagan's book on the cosmos and space travel that someone had left in his office.
“Someone left a book in my office at work, which had no title on the black cover... It was Carl Sagan’s book on the cosmos and space travel.”
American Cosmic 2019 ch1:26532-26650 testimony first hand
79
Tyler D. said reading Carl Sagan's book on the cosmos helped him settle down and sleep well, and became his saving grace during a difficult period.
“I noticed as I read the book that I was able to settle down and even sleep well. It became my saving grace, and I read it every night.”
American Cosmic 2019 ch1:26831-26959 testimony first hand
80
Reading Carl Sagan's book about the cosmos changed Tyler D.'s life and started him on a path of fusing what he learned in the space program with his ideas about biotechnologies to form companies that helped heal people.
“It was Carl Sagan’s book about the cosmos that changed Tyler’s life and started him on a path of fusing what he learned in the space program with his ideas about biotechnologies to form companies that helped heal people.”
American Cosmic 2019 ch3:27488-27701 administrative
81
The O'Brien Committee included Carl Sagan, a prominent astronomer from Cornell University.
“The committee included Carl Sagan, a prominent astronomer from Cornell University.”
Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I 2024-02-01 char:48232-48303 administrative