Brief
Polymerase chain reaction
The claims the writer was given for Polymerase chain reaction, in the order they were given.
1
The Anomaly Physical Evidence Group's discussions focused on using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of mitochondrial DNA on Peter Khoury's hair sample to challenge the credibility of abduction stories.
“Our discussions then focused on the fact that techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of mitochondrial DNA on the hair sample might provide a real challenge to the credibility of abduction stories”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch12:4689-4915 testimony first hand
2
After a prolonged extraction step at elevated temperatures, fragmentation of the hair, and repeated boiling and freezing with dry ice, the DNA from each hair sample was released from its protein structure, purified, and prepared for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification step.
“Following a prolonged extraction step at elevated temperatures, fragmentation of the hair into smaller pieces, and repeated boiling and freezing with dry ice, the DNA from each was released from its protein structure, purified, and prepared for the PCR amplification step.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch12:8867-9134 administrative
3
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) step creates a very large quantity of originally extracted DNA, making it possible to analyse the DNA in more detail.
“The PCR step, in simple terms, creates a very large quantity of the originally extracted DNA, making it possible to analyze the DNA in more detail.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch12:9141-9281 administrative
4
Vivian Khoury's hair sample did not produce polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification products; the analysts concluded this might have been due to chemical treatment.
“Vivian’s hair sample did not produce PCR amplification products; the analysts concluded that this might have been due to chemical treatment.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch12:9645-9775 observation
5
On a Friday night in 1983-04, Kary Mullis was driving to his Anderson Valley cabin in Mendocino County, California, when he conceived the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method for making unlimited copies of DNA.
“On a Friday night in April 1983, Mullis was driving up to his Anderson Valley cabin in Mendocino County in northern California... Mullis made one of the great discoveries of modern chemistry—the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch13:256-507 administrative
6
A preliminary mitochondrial DNA PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) profiling comparison against the human consensus was performed on both the alien hair sample and Mike Wood's daughter's hair sample, and both were found to be within the normal human consensus DNA range, though different from each other.
“Ultimately we did the preliminary step of undertaking a mitochondrial DNA PCR profiling comparison against the “human consensus” on both the “alien hair” and Mike’s daughter’s sample. While different, both were within the normal “human consensus” DNA range.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch15:33177-33428 measurement first hand
7
Six separate rounds of subsequent DNA analysis, using different and sometimes very novel approaches, were carried out in the Gary Lowrey claw case, including a new polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using novel primers to the most conserved DNA sequences on Earth, to finally resolve the case.
“six separate rounds of subsequent DNA analysis, using different and sometimes very novel approaches, were carried out to bring this case to a conclusion. It was necessary to invent a new polymerase chain reaction using novel primers to the most conserved DNA sequences on Earth in order to finally resolve this case.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch18:27313-27624 measurement second hand
8
Molluscs, particularly snails and slugs, secrete a thick mucus that contains multiple inhibitors of many of the common enzymes fundamental to molecular biology and DNA analysis, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enzymes and those used in standard molecular cloning.
“Mollusks, particularly snails and slugs, secrete a thick mucus that contains multiple inhibitors of many of the common enzymes that are fundamental to molecular biology and DNA analysis, including polymerase chain reaction enzymes and those used in standard molecular cloning.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch18:28131-28399 observation second hand
9
Rigorous DNA analysis using a novel set of oligonucleotide primers for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ultimately solved the puzzle of the Gary Lowrey claw sample's identity.
“Ultimately however rigorous DNA analysis using a novel set of oligonucleotide primers for the polymerase chain reaction solved the puzzle”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch18:28635-28766 observation second hand
10
A specialised ribosomal Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) DNA profiling was undertaken on Betty Hill's dress samples to extract non-human DNA along with standard assessments.
“A specialized (ribosomal) PCR DNA profiling was undertaken to extract non-human DNA along with standard assessments.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch18:5123-5227 measurement first hand
11
Considerable debate continues about factors that might affect the accuracy of standard Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based DNA profiling.
“Even with standard PCR-based DNA profiling, considerable debate continues about factors that might affect its accuracy.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch21:481-591 observation first hand
12
Four PCR products were obtained in total: two from the tall blond alien hair and two from Peter Khoury's hair, but none from his wife's hair, which may have been chemically treated and who never came into direct contact with the alien hair.
“Four PCR products were obtained in total: two from the hair of the tall blond female (both left and right), two from the young man who collected the hair (both left and right), but none from his wife whose hair may have been chemically treated, so as to make recovery of DNA difficult (and who never came into direct contact with the alien hair).”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch22:10152-10492 measurement second hand
13
Analysis of a 2 centimetre portion of the thin blond hair shaft from the Peter Khoury alien abduction case, cut from just above the root, required extensive grinding to release its DNA and no contaminating DNA was found on any outer part.
“we analysed a 2 cm portion of thin blond hair shaft, which was cut from just above the root. That hard hair shaft required extensive grinding to release its DNA; no contaminating DNA was found on any outer part.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch22:28167-28373 measurement second hand
14
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) studies of the hair shaft from the Peter Khoury alien abduction case revealed an unusual mitochondrial DNA of Chinese genetics, with a rare mutation 16,108 C-to-T.
“Those studies revealed an unusual mitochondrial DNA of Chinese genetics, with a rare mutation 16,108 C-to-T, plus four other mutations 16,129, 16,162, 16,172, 16,304 in hypervariable region I (HVRI).”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch22:28506-28699 measurement second hand
15
In analysing the Peter Khoury alien hair sample, both sides of mitochondrial hypervariable region I (nucleotides 16,020-16,400) were amplified by PCR for 37 or 33 cycles respectively, while a nuclear region coding for the CCR5 gene was amplified for 40 cycles.
“Our PCR methods also remain the same, where both the left and right-hand sides of mitochondrial HVRI (hypervariable region I, nucleotides 16,020-16,400) were amplified for 37 or 33 cycles respectively; while one small nuclear region which codes for CCR5 was amplified for 40 cycles.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch22:30406-30681 measurement second hand
16
Mitochondrial DNA is present in hundreds of copies within each human cell, making it an easily amplified genetic marker for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) even in moderately degraded samples.
“Such DNA is present in hundreds of copies within each human cell, and thereby acts as an easily amplified genetic marker for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), even in moderately degraded samples.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch22:4569-4759 administrative second hand
17
Kary Mullis did not carry out the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA testing of Peter Khoury's alien hair samples described in Bill Chalker's book.
“It needs to be made clear that Kary Mullis did not carry out the PCR DNA testing of the Khoury hair samples detailed in this book.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch23:1302-1427 administrative first hand
18
UFO Research New South Wales assisted with funding the preliminary polymerase chain reaction (PCR) "human consensus" DNA comparisons.
“UFOR (NSW) assisted with the funding of these preliminary PCR “human consensus” DNA comparisons.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch23:21698-21782 administrative
19
David Berryman has drawn attention to the potential for deliberate contamination of crime scenes with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) products.
“has been drawing attention to the potential of deliberate contamination of crime scenes with PCR products”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch23:65657-65754 opinion first hand
20
In a September 22, 2002 interview on The Big Idea, Radio National ABC, David Berryman explained that forensic DNA analysis commonly uses Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of variable regions of DNA called short tandem repeats (STRs) because forensic samples such as a single hair or the DNA in fingerprint cells contain very little material, requiring PCR to increase the amount for analysis.
“The most common way of doing the forensic analysis at the moment is using PCR amplification of variable regions of DNA, called ‘short hand and repeats’ or STRs, but with forensics in particular, you often work with very small amounts of material—it might be a single hair or even the DNA contained in the cells on a fingerprint on a stamp, or something like that—so you’ve really got very little DNA, there’s not really enough there to do any analysis on, somehow you’ve got to increase the amount, and that’s done by PCR.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch23:65862-66380 testimony first hand
21
David Berryman stated that Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has contamination issues in the laboratory and that a crime scene can be deliberately contaminated using PCR products as the diagnostic test.
“if people want to contaminate a crime scene, using PCR as the diagnostic test is a bit problematic because, as I said, you can contaminate a crime scene using PCR products.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch23:66538-66701 opinion first hand
22
David Berryman explained that contaminating a crime scene with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) products does not require planting hairs or a fingerprint, but can be done by covering the whole scene with DNA PCR products.
“You don’t have to distribute hairs or try to put a fingerprint on a wall in the space that looks like it was accidentally put there during a crime—you can just cover the whole scene with DNA PCR products.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch23:66711-66906 opinion first hand
23
David Berryman explained that contaminating a crime scene with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) products requires only easy access to a publicly available PCR kit and amplifier, comparable in difficulty to buying a litre of milk at a supermarket.
“firstly, get access to the kit and amplifier, and that’s easy to do, it’s just publicly available information—it’s like going down to the supermarket and buying a litre of milk, it’s not hard to do”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch23:66979-67174 opinion first hand
24
David Berryman stated that performing the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) reaction requires no special skill or significant resources and can be done at home on a stove using publicly available information.
“then, do the PCR reaction and once again, that’s easy to do, it’s all publicly available information, it doesn’t require any skill or any significant resource—in fact, you can do it at home on your stove.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch23:67178-67376 opinion first hand
25
David Berryman stated that squirting Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) products around a crime scene is enough to contaminate it virtually beyond any possibility of recovering a genuine DNA profile, based on his data.
“Then just go to a crime scene and squirt it around, and that’s enough to contaminate a crime scene from our data, virtually beyond any possibility of recovering a genuine profile.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch23:67383-67554 opinion first hand
26
David Berryman was concerned that while considerable effort had gone into resolving Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-related contamination issues in laboratory environments, the impact of deliberate PCR contamination in the field at crime scenes seemed largely ignored.
“What concerned Berryman was that, while there was plenty of effort in resolving such PCR-related contamination issues in a lab environment, the impact of deliberate PCR contamination in the field, i.e., at crime scenes, seemed largely ignored.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch23:67564-67799 opinion first hand
27
Bill Chalker considers it certain that Peter Khoury had no knowledge, back in 1992, of the forensic Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) contamination techniques only now being discussed in the field of forensics.
“Before someone suggests it, the chances of Peter Khoury having this sort of knowledge, only now being discussed and debated in the field of forensics, were certainly nil back in 1992 and pretty much the same even now.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch23:68034-68247 opinion first hand
28
Bill Chalker considers it very difficult, though not impossible, to fabricate a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) "brew" that would contain the same rare genetic substitutions found in the Peter Khoury alien hair sample, given the rarity of the DNA profile and its unusual attributes near the root and at the shaft of the hair.
“The dilemma now would be how anyone could fabricate a PCR “brew” in a similar way that would contain the same rare genetic substitutions. Impossible? No, but very difficult, given the rarity of the DNA profile and its unusual attributes near the root and at the shaft of the hair.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch23:68252-68527 opinion first hand
29
Two different samples from the Peter Khoury alien hair root gave two different mitochondrial DNA sequences within the same Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) run: a 16255C genotype for 6 of 7 clones from the soft root, and a 16304 sequence from the hard keratin inside the base of the hard shaft, matching the shaft result from the first round of testing.
“Two different samples from the hair root gave two different DNA sequences, within the same PCR: 162555 genotype for 6/7 clones from the soft root (i.e., the skin area of the “donor”) and 16, 304 again (as in the shaft result from the first round of testing) from the hard keratin inside the base of the hard shaft of the hair).”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch23:74624-74945 measurement
30
Modern DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) forensic work was made possible by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure.
“Such work was made possible only through a remarkable breakthrough, the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) procedure.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch7:5253-5357 administrative
31
Kary Mullis is credited with the initial concept that led to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique.
“Dr. Kary Mullis is credited with the initial concept that led to the PCR technique, a discovery that ultimately earned him the 1993 Nobel Prize in chemistry.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch7:5369-5516 administrative
32
Kary Mullis was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique.
“a discovery that ultimately earned him the 1993 Nobel Prize in chemistry”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch7:5453-5516 administrative
33
Most forensic DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) techniques are powered by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a process that permits faithful reproduction of very small amounts of DNA, producing large amounts of identical copies.
“[Most] of the forensic techniques are generally powered by polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, a revolutionary process that permits the faithful reproduction of small, sometimes even vanishingly small, amounts of DNA. The process produces large amounts (identical copies) of DNA”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch7:6821-7094 opinion second hand
34
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows investigators to obtain a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) profile from postage stamps, coffee cups, and single hairs.
“allows investigators to obtain a DNA profile from postage stamps, coffee cups, and even single hairs.”
Hair of the Alien: DNA and Other Forensic Evidence for Alien Abductions 2005-11-14 ch7:7106-7201 opinion second hand
35
Kary Mullis discovered the polymerase chain reaction and won the Nobel Prize for the discovery in 1993.
“The "accidental" aspect of Tyler's protocol brought to my mind the biochemist Kary Mullis, who had discovered the highly influential polymerase chain reaction and won the Nobel Prize for the discovery in 1993.”
American Cosmic 2019 ch1:46075-46279 administrative