The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) is a United States Department of Defense (DoD) component that the department established on 2022-07-20 to lead the US government’s investigation of Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP).1 It was created under the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, which tasked the office with conducting or coordinating efforts across the DoD and other federal agencies to detect, identify, and investigate UAP.2 According to the DoD Inspector General’s summary report on the office, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 (FY 2022 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA)) assigned AARO, placed under the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (OUSDI), responsibility for synchronising and standardising the collection, analysis, and identification of UAP incidents,3 with a mission to detect, identify, and characterise objects of interest in, on, or near military installations, operating areas, and other areas of interest, and, as necessary, to mitigate any associated threats to safety of operations and national security.4 The U.S. Department of Defense Inspector General has recommended that the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security, in coordination with the AARO Director, issue a DoD policy integrating UAP roles, responsibilities, and coordination procedures into existing intelligence, counterintelligence, and force protection policy.5 AARO organises its work around four functions - analysis, operations, science and technology, and strategic communications6 - and is developing Intelligence Community (IC) and scientific tradecraft practices while working to standardise UAP collection and reporting across the DoD and IC.7 The office reports to United States Congress through quarterly reports, semiannual briefings, and an annual report produced in coordination with the Office of the Director of National Intelligence,8 and as of 2023-07-26 its budget remained classified.9
AARO’s creation drew together several earlier initiatives. Congressional testimony has credited a New York Times article about the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP) with being largely responsible for Congress’s creation of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF), which later became AARO,10 and Luis Elizondo’s public exposure of AATIP’s existence has similarly been described as a major factor in the task force’s creation and AARO’s eventual establishment.11 At its height, the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) employed 50 full-time investigators, more than either Project Blue Book, the UAP Task Force, or AARO.12 In July 2022 the DoD established AARO to take over the duties previously assigned to the Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group (AOIMSG),13 which had not achieved initial operating capability before the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 (National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) FY22) resulted in it being renamed AARO with an expanded mission.14 That expanded mission also absorbed the UAP Task Force, broadening the office’s scope to include investigations of objects operating underwater.15
David Charles Grusch served as his agency’s co-lead on UAP and trans-medium object analysis, reporting to the UAP Task Force and eventually to AARO.16 In April 2022, before Sean Kirkpatrick took over as AARO’s director in July 2022, Grusch held a classified conversation with him in which he raised concerns regarding pertinent national security information.17 Grusch has said he does not know why Kirkpatrick did not follow up with him afterwards, though he wishes he had, and that he was prepared to offer counsel once Kirkpatrick took over the office.18 Representative Glenn Grothman told a congressional hearing that Kirkpatrick had testified before the Senate that his unit found no evidence of extraterrestrial activity.19 Marik von Rennenkampff reported that, in a statement to NewsNation, the DoD denied that AARO had uncovered the sort of activity alleged by Grusch,20 and the department stated on 2023-06-09 that AARO had not discovered any verifiable information to substantiate claims that programmes involving the possession or reverse-engineering of extraterrestrial materials had ever existed.21 Christopher Mellon has said that a number of potential sources do not trust AARO’s leadership.22 According to Grusch, Kirkpatrick mentioned that approximately 30 individuals had come to AARO with information;23 Grusch personally interviewed a few of those individuals,24 knew what information they had provided to Kirkpatrick’s team,25 and was able to evaluate it.26
For its Historical Record Report (HR2), AARO established six complementary lines of effort intended to ensure the report conveyed an accurate and complete picture, according to the report.27 The report states that AARO reviewed official US government efforts involving UFOs and UAP dating back to 1945.28 As part of that work, it partnered with the United States National Archives to examine records from the United States Air Force (USAF)’s Project Blue Book, spanning 1947 to 1969,29 a set of 7,252 files holding 65,778 digital records.30 As of 2023-09-17, AARO had interviewed approximately 30 individuals.31 The office found no empirical evidence that any UAP investigatory effort since 1945 - foreign, domestic, government, private, or academic - had ever uncovered verifiable information regarding the recovery or existence of extraterrestrial beings or craft,32 and its work disproved the majority of claims regarding recovered extraterrestrial technology using the verifiable information contained within those claims.33 It found no evidence that the USAF had a policy to cover up evidence of extraterrestrial knowledge, material, or interactions.34 After discussions with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)’s Center for the Study of Intelligence, the National Security Agency (NSA) Scientific Studies Board, and comparative research against known estimates, AARO concluded that an alleged 1961 Special National Intelligence Estimate on UFOs was not authentic.35 A metallic sample from an alleged crashed off-world spacecraft, acquired from a private UAP-investigating organisation and the United States Army, was found by AARO to be a manufactured, terrestrial alloy possessing no exceptional qualities,36 composed primarily of magnesium, zinc, and bismuth with trace elements including lead.37 To meet requirements of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (FY2023 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA)), AARO sent guidance to the DoD, IC elements, the Department of Energy, and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) requesting any nondisclosure agreements pertaining to UAP.38 Ryan Graves has said that, according to AARO reporting, UAP have been detected wherever US Navy operations are conducted since his own initial East Coast encounters.39
Jon Kosloski is AARO’s director.40 Avi Loeb has said that AARO’s third tranche historical record report, released on 2026-06-12, covered a two-day UAP event from October 2023 and stated that 40% of the phenomena examined were not understood.41 Within six days of its first Zoom call, Avi Loeb’s AARO science advisory council compiled more than 50 items of information and submitted them to the office.42 Grusch has continued to press AARO publicly: in 2026 he said he attended a classified meeting in which he challenged the office,43 offered to cross-examine witnesses on its behalf,44 and named several current and former officials to give AARO leads,45 but said the office had not contacted him in the 15 months since he made that offer.46 Grusch has said he believes AARO likely avoided him because it feared what he would extract from the individuals he named,47 and that he considers AARO a troubled organisation.48