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All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO)

The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office is a United States Department of Defense component, established in July 2022, that investigates reports of unidentified anomalous phenomena and has found no empirical evidence that any government programme has recovered or is reverse-engineering extraterrestrial technology.

Jon Kosloski · 2022-07-20 · United States Department of Defense (DoD)

The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) is a United States Department of Defense (DoD) component that the department established on 2022-07-20 to lead the US government’s investigation of Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP).1 It was created under the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, which tasked the office with conducting or coordinating efforts across the DoD and other federal agencies to detect, identify, and investigate UAP.2 According to the DoD Inspector General’s summary report on the office, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 (FY 2022 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA)) assigned AARO, placed under the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (OUSDI), responsibility for synchronising and standardising the collection, analysis, and identification of UAP incidents,3 with a mission to detect, identify, and characterise objects of interest in, on, or near military installations, operating areas, and other areas of interest, and, as necessary, to mitigate any associated threats to safety of operations and national security.4 The U.S. Department of Defense Inspector General has recommended that the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security, in coordination with the AARO Director, issue a DoD policy integrating UAP roles, responsibilities, and coordination procedures into existing intelligence, counterintelligence, and force protection policy.5 AARO organises its work around four functions - analysis, operations, science and technology, and strategic communications6 - and is developing Intelligence Community (IC) and scientific tradecraft practices while working to standardise UAP collection and reporting across the DoD and IC.7 The office reports to United States Congress through quarterly reports, semiannual briefings, and an annual report produced in coordination with the Office of the Director of National Intelligence,8 and as of 2023-07-26 its budget remained classified.9

AARO’s creation drew together several earlier initiatives. Congressional testimony has credited a New York Times article about the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP) with being largely responsible for Congress’s creation of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (UAPTF), which later became AARO,10 and Luis Elizondo’s public exposure of AATIP’s existence has similarly been described as a major factor in the task force’s creation and AARO’s eventual establishment.11 At its height, the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) employed 50 full-time investigators, more than either Project Blue Book, the UAP Task Force, or AARO.12 In July 2022 the DoD established AARO to take over the duties previously assigned to the Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group (AOIMSG),13 which had not achieved initial operating capability before the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 (National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) FY22) resulted in it being renamed AARO with an expanded mission.14 That expanded mission also absorbed the UAP Task Force, broadening the office’s scope to include investigations of objects operating underwater.15

David Charles Grusch served as his agency’s co-lead on UAP and trans-medium object analysis, reporting to the UAP Task Force and eventually to AARO.16 In April 2022, before Sean Kirkpatrick took over as AARO’s director in July 2022, Grusch held a classified conversation with him in which he raised concerns regarding pertinent national security information.17 Grusch has said he does not know why Kirkpatrick did not follow up with him afterwards, though he wishes he had, and that he was prepared to offer counsel once Kirkpatrick took over the office.18 Representative Glenn Grothman told a congressional hearing that Kirkpatrick had testified before the Senate that his unit found no evidence of extraterrestrial activity.19 Marik von Rennenkampff reported that, in a statement to NewsNation, the DoD denied that AARO had uncovered the sort of activity alleged by Grusch,20 and the department stated on 2023-06-09 that AARO had not discovered any verifiable information to substantiate claims that programmes involving the possession or reverse-engineering of extraterrestrial materials had ever existed.21 Christopher Mellon has said that a number of potential sources do not trust AARO’s leadership.22 According to Grusch, Kirkpatrick mentioned that approximately 30 individuals had come to AARO with information;23 Grusch personally interviewed a few of those individuals,24 knew what information they had provided to Kirkpatrick’s team,25 and was able to evaluate it.26

For its Historical Record Report (HR2), AARO established six complementary lines of effort intended to ensure the report conveyed an accurate and complete picture, according to the report.27 The report states that AARO reviewed official US government efforts involving UFOs and UAP dating back to 1945.28 As part of that work, it partnered with the United States National Archives to examine records from the United States Air Force (USAF)’s Project Blue Book, spanning 1947 to 1969,29 a set of 7,252 files holding 65,778 digital records.30 As of 2023-09-17, AARO had interviewed approximately 30 individuals.31 The office found no empirical evidence that any UAP investigatory effort since 1945 - foreign, domestic, government, private, or academic - had ever uncovered verifiable information regarding the recovery or existence of extraterrestrial beings or craft,32 and its work disproved the majority of claims regarding recovered extraterrestrial technology using the verifiable information contained within those claims.33 It found no evidence that the USAF had a policy to cover up evidence of extraterrestrial knowledge, material, or interactions.34 After discussions with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)’s Center for the Study of Intelligence, the National Security Agency (NSA) Scientific Studies Board, and comparative research against known estimates, AARO concluded that an alleged 1961 Special National Intelligence Estimate on UFOs was not authentic.35 A metallic sample from an alleged crashed off-world spacecraft, acquired from a private UAP-investigating organisation and the United States Army, was found by AARO to be a manufactured, terrestrial alloy possessing no exceptional qualities,36 composed primarily of magnesium, zinc, and bismuth with trace elements including lead.37 To meet requirements of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (FY2023 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA)), AARO sent guidance to the DoD, IC elements, the Department of Energy, and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) requesting any nondisclosure agreements pertaining to UAP.38 Ryan Graves has said that, according to AARO reporting, UAP have been detected wherever US Navy operations are conducted since his own initial East Coast encounters.39

Jon Kosloski is AARO’s director.40 Avi Loeb has said that AARO’s third tranche historical record report, released on 2026-06-12, covered a two-day UAP event from October 2023 and stated that 40% of the phenomena examined were not understood.41 Within six days of its first Zoom call, Avi Loeb’s AARO science advisory council compiled more than 50 items of information and submitted them to the office.42 Grusch has continued to press AARO publicly: in 2026 he said he attended a classified meeting in which he challenged the office,43 offered to cross-examine witnesses on its behalf,44 and named several current and former officials to give AARO leads,45 but said the office had not contacted him in the 15 months since he made that offer.46 Grusch has said he believes AARO likely avoided him because it feared what he would extract from the individuals he named,47 and that he considers AARO a troubled organisation.48

  1. DoD established AARO on 2022-07-20
    “On July 20, 2022, the DoD established the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) to be that entity.”
    Unclassified Summary of Report No. DODIG-2023-109, "Evaluation of the DoD's Actions Regarding Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," August 15, 2023 char:2540-2637 View the source record →
  2. FY2022 NDAA tasked AARO with coordinating UAP detection, identification and investigation across DoD and federal agencies
    “The National Defense Authorization Act of 2022 established the all-domain anomaly resolution officer—AARO—to conduct or to coordinate efforts across the Department of Defense and other Federal agents to detect, identify, and investigate UAPs.”
    Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency char:7509-7746 View the source record →
  3. FY2022 NDAA assigned AARO, under OUSDI, responsibility for synchronising and standardising UAP incident collection, analysis and identification
    “The FY 2022 NDAA assigns AARO, under the OUSD(I&S), responsibility for synchronizing and standardizing the collection, analysis, and identification of UAP incidents.”
    Unclassified Summary of Report No. DODIG-2023-109, "Evaluation of the DoD's Actions Regarding Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," August 15, 2023 char:14696-14851 View the source record →
  4. AARO's mission is to detect, identify and characterise objects of interest near military areas and mitigate threats
    “The mission of AARO is to "synchronize efforts across the Department and with other Federal departments and agencies to detect, identify, and characterize objects of interest in, on, or near military installations, operating areas, training areas, special use airspace, and other areas of interest, and, as necessary, to mitigate any associated threats to safety of operations and national security."”
    Unclassified Summary of Report No. DODIG-2023-109, "Evaluation of the DoD's Actions Regarding Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," August 15, 2023 char:7927-8317 View the source record →
  5. IG recommended the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security, with AARO, issue a UAP policy
    “We recommend that the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security, in coordination with the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office Director, issue a Department of Defense policy to integrate unidentified anomalous phenomena roles, responsibilities, requirements, and coordination procedures into existing intelligence, counterintelligence, and force protection policies and procedures.”
    Unclassified Summary of Report No. DODIG-2023-109, "Evaluation of the DoD's Actions Regarding Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," August 15, 2023 char:16785-17170 View the source record →
  6. AARO organised around four functions: analysis, operations, science and technology, strategic communications
    “AARO organized itself around four functions (analysis, operations, science & technology (S&T), and strategic communications).”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:69797-69906 View the source record →
  7. AARO developing IC and S&T tradecraft, standardising UAP collection/reporting across DoD and IC
    “AARO is developing IC and S&T analytic tradecraft practices, implementing a science testing plan, implementing a secure interviewee debriefing program, and is working to standardize UAP collection and reporting across the DoD and the IC.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:69923-70157 View the source record →
  8. AARO provides quarterly reports, semiannual briefings and an annual report to Congress with ODNI
    “Consistent with congressional direction, AARO provides quarterly reports, semiannual briefings, and an annual report to Congress in coordination with the ODNI.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:70175-70329 View the source record →
  9. AARO's budget remains classified
    “However, AARO's budget remains classified, prohibiting meaningful oversight from Congress.”
    Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency char:7752-7833 View the source record →
  10. NYT AATIP article largely responsible for Congress creating UAPTF, later AARO
    “was largely responsible for the creation by Congress of the UAP Task Force, which later morphed into AARO, the current UFO program approved by Congress.”
    Statement to Congress char:9218-9361
  11. Elizondo's public exposure of AATIP a major factor in UAPTF's creation and AARO's establishment
    “His exposure of the existence of AATIP was a major factor in the eventual creation of the UAP Task Force and later, of AARO.”
    Statement to Congress char:13315-13434
  12. AAWSAP employed 50 full-time investigators, more than Blue Book, UAPTF or AARO
    “At one point, it employed 50 full time investigators, far more than Project Blue Book or the UAP Task Force, or AARO.”
    Statement to Congress char:10408-10520
  13. DoD established AARO in July 2022 to take over AOIMSG's duties
    “In July 2022, the DoD established the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) to implement the duties previously assigned to the AOIMSG.”
    Unclassified Summary of Report No. DODIG-2023-109, "Evaluation of the DoD's Actions Regarding Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," August 15, 2023 char:7786-7919 View the source record →
  14. AOIMSG had not reached initial operating capability before NDAA FY22 renamed it AARO with expanded mission
    “AOIMSG had not achieved initial operating capability before subsequent legislation in the FY2022 NDAA resulted in it being renamed to AARO and given an expanded mission set.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:67794-67963 View the source record →
  15. UAPTF reorganised and expanded into AARO to include underwater objects
    “It has since been reorganized and expanded into the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office to include investigations of objects operating underwater.”
    Intelligence Officials Say U.S. Has Retrieved Craft of Non-Human Origin char:1858-1994 View the source record →
  16. Grusch was his agency's co-lead on UAP/trans-medium analysis, reporting to UAPTF then AARO
    “I was my agency's co-lead in unidentified anomalous phenomena and trans medium object analysis as well as reporting to the UAP Task Force—UAPTF—and eventually, once it was established, the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office—AARO.”
    Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency char:36599-36825 View the source record →
  17. Grusch had classified conversation with Kirkpatrick in April 2022, before Kirkpatrick led AARO
    “Him and I had a classified conversation in April 2022 before he took over AARO in July 2022 and I provided him some concerns I had.”
    Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency char:72197-72324 View the source record →
  18. Grusch does not know why Kirkpatrick never followed up, wishes he had, was ready to advise him
    “Unfortunately, I cannot read his mind. I wish he did. I was happy to give sage counsel to him on where to look when he took the helm of AARO.”
    Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency char:72409-72545 View the source record →
  19. Grothman: Kirkpatrick testified to the Senate his unit found no evidence of extraterrestrial activity
    “I also want to note that Mr. Sean Kirkpatrick, Director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, the component of the DoD office that investigates UAP data, has testified before the Senate this year that his unit has found no evidence of extraterrestrial activity.”
    Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency char:22503-22762 View the source record →
  20. Von Rennenkampff: DoD statement to NewsNation denied AARO uncovered activity Grusch alleged
    “In a statement to NewsNation, the Department of Defense denied that the Pentagon’s new UFO office has uncovered the sort of activity alleged by Grusch.”
    Claims that UFO information was inappropriately withheld from Congress deemed 'credible,' 'urgent' char:2788-3001 View the source record →
  21. DoD (2023-06-09): AARO found no verifiable info substantiating reverse-engineering programme claims
    “the Pentagon’s new UFO office “has not discovered any verifiable information to substantiate claims that any programs regarding the possession or reverse-engineering of extraterrestrial materials have existed in the past or exist currently.””
    Claims that UFO information was inappropriately withheld from Congress deemed 'credible,' 'urgent' char:5931-6161 View the source record →
  22. Mellon: potential sources do not trust AARO's leadership
    “This is made harder by the fact that, rightly or wrongly, a number of potential sources do not trust the leadership of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office established by Congress.”
    Intelligence Officials Say U.S. Has Retrieved Craft of Non-Human Origin char:4761-4936 View the source record →
  23. Grusch: Kirkpatrick mentioned ~30 individuals had come to AARO with information
    “I believe Dr. Kirkpatrick mentioned he had about 30 individuals that have come to AARO thus far.”
    Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency char:82811-82903 View the source record →
  24. Grusch personally interviewed a few of those individuals
    “A few of those individuals have also come to AARO that I also interviewed.”
    Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency char:82908-82970 View the source record →
  25. Grusch knew what information they gave Kirkpatrick's team
    “And I know what they provided Dr. Kirkpatrick and their team.”
    Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency char:83011-83067 View the source record →
  26. Grusch was able to evaluate that information
    “I was able to evaluate that information.”
    Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency char:83101-83129 View the source record →
  27. AARO established six lines of effort for the Historical Record Report to ensure an accurate, complete picture
    “AARO established six complementary lines of effort (LOEs) to conduct the HR2 research with the goal of ensuring this report conveys an accurate and complete picture.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:21703-21860 View the source record →
  28. Report: AARO reviewed official US government UFO/UAP efforts since 1945
    “AARO reviewed official USG efforts involving UFOs/UAP since 1945.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:23433-23493 View the source record →
  29. AARO partnered with National Archives to examine Project Blue Book records, 1947-1969
    “AARO partnered with the U.S. National Archives to examine the records from the USAF's Project BLUE BOOK, which spanned from 1947 to 1969.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:45410-45542 View the source record →
  30. Blue Book documentation: 7,252 files holding 65,778 digital records
    “the volume of the documentation amounted to 7,252 files holding a total of 65,778 digital records.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:45607-45697 View the source record →
  31. As of 2023-09-17, AARO had interviewed approximately 30 individuals
    “As of September 17, 2023, AARO interviewed approximately 30 individuals.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:79528-79588 View the source record →
  32. No empirical evidence any UAP effort since 1945 uncovered verifiable info on recovery/existence of ET beings or craft
    “AARO found no empirical evidence that any UAP investigatory effort since 1945 - foreign, domestic, government, private, or academic - has ever uncovered verifiable information regarding the recovery or existence of extraterrestrial beings or crafts.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:103526-103810 View the source record →
  33. AARO's work disproved the majority of recovered-ET-technology claims using their own verifiable information
    “AARO's work has resulted in disproving the majority of these claims using the verifiable information made within those claims.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:103916-104035 View the source record →
  34. No evidence USAF had a policy to cover up extraterrestrial knowledge, material or interactions
    “AARO found no evidence to suggest that the USAF had a policy intended to cover up the evidence of extraterrestrial knowledge, material, or interactions.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:77955-78094 View the source record →
  35. After CIA and NSA discussions, AARO concluded the alleged 1961 SNIE on UFOs was not authentic
    “After discussions with the CIA's Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI), the NSA Scientific Studies Board (one of the alleged authors), and research comparing this document to a number of known SNIEs and National Intelligence Estimates, AARO concluded the document is not authentic.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:89595-89871 View the source record →
  36. AARO found a crash-sample, from a private org and the US Army, to be a manufactured terrestrial alloy
    “AARO has concluded that a sample from an alleged crashed off-world spacecraft that AARO acquired from a private UAP investigating organization and the U.S. Army is a manufactured, terrestrial alloy and does not represent off-world technology or possess any exceptional qualities.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:9297-9566 View the source record →
  37. Sample composed primarily of magnesium, zinc and bismuth with trace lead
    “The sample is primarily composed of magnesium, zinc, and bismuth with some other trace elements, such as lead.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:9577-9714 View the source record →
  38. Under FY2023 NDAA, AARO requested UAP-related nondisclosure agreements from DoD, IC, DOE and DHS
    “In the conduct of this review, and to meet the direction of Section 1673 of the NDAA for FY 2023, AARO sent guidance and requests to DoD, IC elements, DOE, and DHS to review and provide any NDAs pertaining to UAP (or its previous names).”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:86576-86806 View the source record →
  39. Graves: per AARO reporting, UAP detected wherever US Navy operates since his East Coast encounters
    “Since the events initially occurred, I have learned that the objects have been detected, essentially, where all operations—our Navy operations are being conducted across the world and that is from the All-domain Anomaly Resolutions Office reporting.”
    Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency char:66045-66284 View the source record →
  40. Jon Kosloski is the director of AARO
    “Dr. Jon Kosloski, the director of the All Domain Anomaly Resolution Office,”
    Episode 73: Science vs. Secrecy 00:18:03.3-00:18:07.5
  41. Loeb: AARO's third tranche report (2026-06-12) covered the October 2023 two-day event, 40% unexplained
    “Instead of releasing in the third tranche on June 12, this report about the event that lasted two days in October 2023, instead of releasing it to the public and admitting that 40% of the phenomena are not understood,”
    Episode 73: Science vs. Secrecy 00:18:08.4-00:18:22.1
  42. Loeb's science advisory council submitted 50+ items to AARO within six days of its first call
    “what we did within six days after I assembled the team, after we had the first Zoom call, which was last week, we came up within six days with more than 50 items of information... we submitted it to the UAP”
    Episode 73: Science vs. Secrecy 00:21:06.4-00:21:21.0
  43. Grusch attended a classified meeting in which he challenged AARO
    “I challenged DOD arrows office last year in a meeting. I was in a in a classified meeting with Representative Burlison”
    David Grusch: The Whistleblower Who Told Congress We're Not Alone 00:49:01.5-00:49:07.5
  44. Grusch offered to cross-examine witnesses on AARO's behalf
    “Okay, well, I will cross examine witnesses for you.”
    David Grusch: The Whistleblower Who Told Congress We're Not Alone 00:49:10.4-00:49:13.0
  45. Grusch named officials and gave AARO leads
    “I named several current former government officials that ran these programs. on behalf of the government and provided them several leads”
    David Grusch: The Whistleblower Who Told Congress We're Not Alone 00:49:13.3-00:49:20.8
  46. AARO had not contacted Grusch in the 15 months since his offer
    “it's been 15 months and AARO ghosted me and never contacted me again”
    David Grusch: The Whistleblower Who Told Congress We're Not Alone 00:49:36.4-00:49:40.4
  47. Grusch: AARO likely avoided him fearing what he'd extract from named individuals
    “because i guess they were likely afraid of um you know what i would say or do or extract from these individuals”
    David Grusch: The Whistleblower Who Told Congress We're Not Alone 00:49:40.8-00:49:47.1
  48. Grusch considers AARO a troubled organisation
    “it's actually quite sad that that organization is as troubled as it is.”
    David Grusch: The Whistleblower Who Told Congress We're Not Alone 00:49:47.7-00:49:52.3

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