The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is the United States’ foreign intelligence service, established as successor to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS).1 The agency’s engagement with reports of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) dates to the early Cold War: after a wave of sightings over Washington, D.C. in the summer of 1952, CIA Deputy Director for Intelligence Robert Amory Jr. tasked the agency’s Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI) Physics and Electronics Division with reviewing UFO cases.2 According to the AARO Historical Record Report, the establishment of the Robertson Panel followed a recommendation from the CIA’s Intelligence Advisory Committee to enlist scientists to appraise the available UFO evidence.3 In 1953 the panel convened and recommended a public education campaign built on publicising already-debunked UFO cases while saying nothing about unexplained ones,4 and a separate declassified CIA/USAF panel that also met that year recommended monitoring the activities of civilian UFO groups, according to Messengers of Deception: UFO Contacts and Cults.5 The board of the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP) has included a former head of the CIA.6 Roscoe Hillenkoetter, a former CIA chief, said it was imperative that the government learn what UFOs are and where they come from.7
Much of the agency’s Cold War-era UFO activity intersected with its own classified aerospace programmes. In February 1958 President Dwight D. Eisenhower gave the CIA the lead role, jointly managed with the United States Air Force (USAF), in the WS-117L/CORONA reconnaissance satellite program.8 Eisenhower also approved the CIA-led Project OXCART that same year to develop a successor to the U-2 spy plane, which became fully operational in 1965.9 By the time the resulting A-12 OXCART aircraft was deployed in 1967, CORONA satellites were already being used to photograph denied areas with less provocation than aircraft overflights.10 The AARO Historical Record Report states that, according to a declassified CIA assessment of reconnaissance aircraft, more than half of the UFO reports investigated during the 1950s and 1960s were assessed to be US reconnaissance flights.11 David Fravor has said the agency created around six shell companies to buy titanium from the Soviet Union for the construction of the SR-71 Blackbird, an aircraft made largely of titanium and designed to fly over the Soviet Union.12 For decades, the USAF, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the CIA maintained an official policy of denying, dispelling, and debunking the UFO subject, according to researcher David Marler.13
Beginning in the early 1970s the CIA also funded classified research into extrasensory perception (ESP) and remote viewing, prompted by concern over Soviet spending on psychic phenomena.14 A programme known as Stargate was run for the agency at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in Menlo Park, California, from 1972.15 Harold E. Puthoff, a Stanford researcher and National Security Agency (NSA) employee, was approached by the CIA together with Russell Targ and told that Russia had its own remote-viewing programme.16 Puthoff had, in various past capacities, regularly reported directly to the White House and the CIA director.17 Ingo Swann was one of the original participants in the CIA’s remote-viewing evaluations in the early 1970s,18 and was asked by the agency to remote view a Soviet facility believed to be used for manufacturing nuclear weapons.19 Puthoff later managed the CIA’s Stargate program before joining the Advanced Aerospace Weapons System Application Program (AAWSAP)/Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP) effort.20 The CIA’s ESP work concluded in the late 1970s, when the programme moved to the US Army’s base at Fort Meade, Maryland,21 and was later run by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).22 The agency released a report in 1995 acknowledging its long-rumoured work on remote viewing for military and intelligence purposes.23 In 2017 the CIA declassified approximately 12 million pages of records revealing further detail about the programme.24 Jim Semivan retired from the CIA’s Directorate of Operations after 25 years as an operations officer,25 holding Senior Executive Service rank, roughly two levels below the CIA director.26 Separately, the CIA’s Project MKUltra sought to manipulate human behaviour for interrogation purposes; researcher John Zubek’s sensory deprivation studies have been described as paralleling the programme.27 David Charles Grusch, a former intelligence officer turned whistleblower, has testified to Congress that there was a “shell game” within the CIA to prevent its own inspector general, its general counsel, and the US Congress from learning about MKUltra.28 According to Grusch, MKUltra’s MK series of programmes included Operation CHAOS, a domestic influence operation;29 the agency pursued mind-control experimentation because it had learned Russia was conducting similar research;30 and it sought to create so-called Manchurian Candidate assassins.31 Grusch has also testified that the CIA paid off journalists at major news organisations under Operation Mockingbird.32
The agency’s handling of the subject with senior officials has also featured in accounts of presidential transitions. According to attorney Daniel Sheehan, before Jimmy Carter’s January 1977 inauguration, Carter sought a meeting with then-CIA Director George Herbert Walker Bush to be briefed on UFOs,33 and Bush flatly refused to give the president-elect a briefing, telling him he had no “need to know”.34 Bush’s term as CIA Director ended just before Carter’s inauguration in January 1977.35 Sheehan has said that what Carter was subsequently told in briefing documents did not reveal what Sheehan says he discovered.36 In 1993, following lobbying from billionaire Laurance Rockefeller, President Bill Clinton ordered his CIA Director James Woolsey to release more UAP files.37 Steven Greer has described a 1993 meeting with Woolsey as “a covert briefing on the topic of UFOs under the guise of a dinner party”.38 John Petersen, who separately raised a number of highly redacted documents with Woolsey after he became CIA Director,39 has denied that Woolsey ever reached out to Greer for a briefing or requested the 1993 dinner meeting.40
In the 2010s the CIA’s contemporary involvement resurfaced through the Pentagon’s AATIP. After 2012, Luis Elizondo worked with officials from the US Navy and the CIA on AATIP;41 Puthoff, who had conducted ESP research for the agency, later worked as an AATIP contractor.42 William “Will” Livingston presided over a little-known “weird desk” at the CIA responsible for investigating unusual medical issues, implants, and abductions connected to UAP encounters, according to Elizondo.43 A similar CIA function, referred to colloquially as the Weird Desk, has moved around the agency many times, according to researcher Jason Samosa;44 when Bill Clinton’s science advisor sought a UFO briefing, the request went to the Weird Desk,45 which Ronald Pandolfi was running at the time.46 Pandolfi has been described as a CIA analyst at the centre of the UFO establishment.47 Elizondo has said that a few months after sharing the Predator video with Neill Tipton, he attended a meeting with senior Navy officials, CIA representatives, and an NSA representative at which the GoFast and Gimbal video footage was shown.48 According to Elizondo, a CIA representative at that meeting proposed the object in the Gimbal footage could be a hybrid balloon with an inducted fan at its centre,49 another suggested it might be a Mylar balloon shaped like a football with its own navigation and propulsion,50 and a third suggested it could be powered by a tether or beamed energy from a nearby floating platform;51 the CIA also assessed that the aura visible around the object was not a camera artefact or lens flare.52 The CIA and FBI have at times posted unclassified Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) documents on their websites for public download, according to Elizondo.53 In written testimony to Congress on 2024-11-13, Elizondo stated that the White House, the CIA, NASA, the Pentagon, and the Department of Energy currently play a role in the Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) issue but that no single entity is in charge.54
The agency’s Cold War-era secrecy has also fed persistent allegations connecting it to the assassination of John F. Kennedy. E. Howard Hunt, a CIA operative involved in the Watergate scandal, was long rumoured to have been a key player in the killing.55 Gordon Novel provided New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison with a CIA-Cuban-emigre link to the assassination by suggesting that, while working for the CIA, he had known both alleged assassin Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby, Oswald’s killer, according to In Plain Sight.56 Whether the agency itself had any involvement has since been examined by the Church Committee, the Rockefeller Commission, and the House Select Committee on Assassinations investigating the John F. Kennedy assassination.57 Grusch has said it was wrong that Congress lacked oversight of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena matters comparable to the Church Committee’s 1970s investigations of CIA, NSA, and FBI activities.58 He has separately testified that the CIA, the Office of Naval Intelligence, and a number of federally funded research and development centres have been involved in the analysis of recovered UAP material over the decades.59 Other claims about the agency’s role remain contested: Ross Coulthart has related that Jason Reza Jorjani, in a November 2025 American Alchemy interview, said that retired US Army remote viewer Lyn Buchanan told him the CIA has backdoor access to consumer DNA databases such as Ancestry.com and 23andMe,60 and that this alleged access is used to screen for genetic markers of Nordic alien beings said to live on Earth, according to Coulthart.61 Buchanan has never directly confirmed Jorjani’s account,62 and Coulthart himself has said he has no idea about the veracity of the claim, describing it only as disputed.63 Jesse Mitchells has similarly said that anecdotal accounts of alien-human hybridisation come from people who were very senior within the CIA, citing Semivan as an example.64