Congress authorises the US defence budget annually through the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), an annual act that includes the FY2023 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) and the FY2024 National Defense Authorization Act.1 Congress included language about Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) concerns in National Defense Authorization Acts for fiscal years 2019 through 2023, and in a Senate Select Committee on Intelligence report on the FY2021 Intelligence Authorization Act.2 Congress created the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) through NDAA legislation,3 which was announced in July 2022 as a new permanent UAP office required to report to Congress.4 Consistent with congressional direction, AARO provides quarterly reports, semiannual briefings and an annual report to Congress, in coordination with the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI).5 According to AARO’s own historical-record report, ODNI submitted its 2022 Annual Report on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena to Congress on 2023-01-12.6
Congress’s interest in aerospace anomaly claims predates the modern UAP debate. Richard C. Hoagland and Erol Torun made inroads in Congress to make the Cydonia region of Mars an imaging priority for the Mars Observer programme.7 Hoagland has said that he and other researchers lobbied the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Congress to target the Cydonia formations, and found that neither body had authority over where the Mars Orbiter Camera was pointed.8 During the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI), Hoagland has said a NASA official told him the agency was under intense scrutiny from Congress because of the programme.9
Harry Reid, a former member of Congress’s Gang of Eight Special Access Program (SAP) oversight group,10 claims that a Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) scientist’s account prompted him to seek congressional funding for a study into UAP.11 That funding, which became the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP), ran out in 2012.12 Neither Congress nor the public has ever seen the resulting 140-page Tic Tac report or the more than 100 other research papers the programme produced, according to journalist George Knapp.13 Reid retired from Congress in 2017.14
Luis Elizondo, Christopher K. Mellon and Jay Stratton concluded that the only way to change how the Pentagon handled UAP was to get Congress to force change,15 and Mellon and Elizondo began engaging with people on Capitol Hill in that effort.16 Before their first trip to Washington DC, Mellon told Elizondo that they were not lobbyists, since they would not be asking Congress for anything.17 Their strategy began with engaging key professional staff on the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the Senate Armed Services Committee, as well as members of Congress.18 Few members of Congress had any real previous understanding of the UAP issue at the time, generally regarding it as an odd non-issue for “kooks” and as politically risky, according to Elizondo.19 In July 2022, Congress unanimously voted to include UAP legislation in the NDAA for fiscal year 2023.20 According to the book In Plain Sight, that legislation requires Congress to be notified within 72 hours of evidence emerging of a UAP programme that has not been explicitly and clearly reported to the relevant congressional committees,21 unless those administering it conclude the observed object and associated events likely relate to a special access programme already reported to that committee.22 The legislation also released anyone who had signed a non-disclosure agreement on UAP to speak to Congress in a classified setting,23 and Congress required the resulting UAP report to be produced on an annual basis, following the release of the Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena report.24 Elizondo has said that the Legacy Program and its associates nonetheless managed to block funding that Congress had appropriated to the Pentagon’s UAP Task Force.25
In June 2023, David Charles Grusch, a former intelligence official turned whistleblower, gave Congress and the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community (ICIG) extensive classified information about deeply covert programmes that he said possess retrieved intact and partially intact craft of non-human origin.26 According to reporting on his unclassified complaint, Grusch has direct knowledge that UAP-related classified information has been withheld or concealed from Congress by elements of the intelligence community “to purposely and intentionally thwart legitimate Congressional oversight of the UAP Program."27 Grusch says the information he provided has been illegally withheld from Congress.28 By June 2023, Congress had held two public hearings and many classified briefings on UAP.29 According to journalist Marik von Rennenkampff, the Intelligence Community Inspector General found the whistleblower’s assertion that UFO-related information was inappropriately concealed from Congress to be “urgent and credible."30 In his 2023 congressional testimony, Grusch alleged that elements of the US government had thwarted congressional oversight of programmes related to the recovery and reverse engineering of craft of unknown, non-human origin.31
AARO’s 2024 historical-record report concluded that none of the programmes cited by interviewees as evidence of an extraterrestrial cover-up are UAP reverse-engineering programmes, and that every authentic programme it identified had been properly reported to Congress through the congressional defense or intelligence committees.32 The version of recent UAP incidents that the United States Department of Defense (DoD) provided to Congress began with the 2004 USS Nimitz UAP encounter.33 Ryan Graves and other USS Theodore Roosevelt pilots were eventually summoned to give confidential briefings to members of Congress about their encounters.34 Grusch has said he considers it wrong that Congress lacked oversight of UAP matters comparable to the 1970s Church Committee investigations into the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).35 In 2024, journalist Michael Shellenberger reported that a whistleblower had written a report on a programme called Immaculate Constellation and provided it to members of Congress.36 Ross Coulthart has said that around 46 UAP-related videos were provided or brought to the attention of Congress, many originally brought to the notice of the Congressional UAP Caucus through the work of Jeremy Corbell and George Knapp.37 One account of the 2024 congressional hearing on UAPs (13 November) states that members of Congress received the Immaculate Constellation document only minutes beforehand, leaving them no time to review it.38 Elizondo has said the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) Disclosure Act shows that Congress is aware of the Legacy Program’s possession of non-human technology.39