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United States Congress

The United States Congress is the bicameral national legislature of the United States, which has used the annual National Defense Authorization Act to direct Pentagon and intelligence-community reporting on unidentified anomalous phenomena and to receive testimony from officials including whistleblower David Grusch.

Statutory oversight of Department of Defense and intelligence-community UAP programmes via the National Defense Authorization Act · Legislative branch of the United States federal government

Congress authorises the US defence budget annually through the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), an annual act that includes the FY2023 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) and the FY2024 National Defense Authorization Act.1 Congress included language about Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) concerns in National Defense Authorization Acts for fiscal years 2019 through 2023, and in a Senate Select Committee on Intelligence report on the FY2021 Intelligence Authorization Act.2 Congress created the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) through NDAA legislation,3 which was announced in July 2022 as a new permanent UAP office required to report to Congress.4 Consistent with congressional direction, AARO provides quarterly reports, semiannual briefings and an annual report to Congress, in coordination with the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI).5 According to AARO’s own historical-record report, ODNI submitted its 2022 Annual Report on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena to Congress on 2023-01-12.6

Congress’s interest in aerospace anomaly claims predates the modern UAP debate. Richard C. Hoagland and Erol Torun made inroads in Congress to make the Cydonia region of Mars an imaging priority for the Mars Observer programme.7 Hoagland has said that he and other researchers lobbied the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Congress to target the Cydonia formations, and found that neither body had authority over where the Mars Orbiter Camera was pointed.8 During the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI), Hoagland has said a NASA official told him the agency was under intense scrutiny from Congress because of the programme.9

Harry Reid, a former member of Congress’s Gang of Eight Special Access Program (SAP) oversight group,10 claims that a Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) scientist’s account prompted him to seek congressional funding for a study into UAP.11 That funding, which became the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP), ran out in 2012.12 Neither Congress nor the public has ever seen the resulting 140-page Tic Tac report or the more than 100 other research papers the programme produced, according to journalist George Knapp.13 Reid retired from Congress in 2017.14

Luis Elizondo, Christopher K. Mellon and Jay Stratton concluded that the only way to change how the Pentagon handled UAP was to get Congress to force change,15 and Mellon and Elizondo began engaging with people on Capitol Hill in that effort.16 Before their first trip to Washington DC, Mellon told Elizondo that they were not lobbyists, since they would not be asking Congress for anything.17 Their strategy began with engaging key professional staff on the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the Senate Armed Services Committee, as well as members of Congress.18 Few members of Congress had any real previous understanding of the UAP issue at the time, generally regarding it as an odd non-issue for “kooks” and as politically risky, according to Elizondo.19 In July 2022, Congress unanimously voted to include UAP legislation in the NDAA for fiscal year 2023.20 According to the book In Plain Sight, that legislation requires Congress to be notified within 72 hours of evidence emerging of a UAP programme that has not been explicitly and clearly reported to the relevant congressional committees,21 unless those administering it conclude the observed object and associated events likely relate to a special access programme already reported to that committee.22 The legislation also released anyone who had signed a non-disclosure agreement on UAP to speak to Congress in a classified setting,23 and Congress required the resulting UAP report to be produced on an annual basis, following the release of the Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena report.24 Elizondo has said that the Legacy Program and its associates nonetheless managed to block funding that Congress had appropriated to the Pentagon’s UAP Task Force.25

In June 2023, David Charles Grusch, a former intelligence official turned whistleblower, gave Congress and the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community (ICIG) extensive classified information about deeply covert programmes that he said possess retrieved intact and partially intact craft of non-human origin.26 According to reporting on his unclassified complaint, Grusch has direct knowledge that UAP-related classified information has been withheld or concealed from Congress by elements of the intelligence community “to purposely and intentionally thwart legitimate Congressional oversight of the UAP Program."27 Grusch says the information he provided has been illegally withheld from Congress.28 By June 2023, Congress had held two public hearings and many classified briefings on UAP.29 According to journalist Marik von Rennenkampff, the Intelligence Community Inspector General found the whistleblower’s assertion that UFO-related information was inappropriately concealed from Congress to be “urgent and credible."30 In his 2023 congressional testimony, Grusch alleged that elements of the US government had thwarted congressional oversight of programmes related to the recovery and reverse engineering of craft of unknown, non-human origin.31

AARO’s 2024 historical-record report concluded that none of the programmes cited by interviewees as evidence of an extraterrestrial cover-up are UAP reverse-engineering programmes, and that every authentic programme it identified had been properly reported to Congress through the congressional defense or intelligence committees.32 The version of recent UAP incidents that the United States Department of Defense (DoD) provided to Congress began with the 2004 USS Nimitz UAP encounter.33 Ryan Graves and other USS Theodore Roosevelt pilots were eventually summoned to give confidential briefings to members of Congress about their encounters.34 Grusch has said he considers it wrong that Congress lacked oversight of UAP matters comparable to the 1970s Church Committee investigations into the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).35 In 2024, journalist Michael Shellenberger reported that a whistleblower had written a report on a programme called Immaculate Constellation and provided it to members of Congress.36 Ross Coulthart has said that around 46 UAP-related videos were provided or brought to the attention of Congress, many originally brought to the notice of the Congressional UAP Caucus through the work of Jeremy Corbell and George Knapp.37 One account of the 2024 congressional hearing on UAPs (13 November) states that members of Congress received the Immaculate Constellation document only minutes beforehand, leaving them no time to review it.38 Elizondo has said the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) Disclosure Act shows that Congress is aware of the Legacy Program’s possession of non-human technology.39

  1. Congress authorises the US defence budget annually through the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA).
    “Every year, Congress authorizes the US defense budget in what is called the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA).”
    Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs ch31:25369-25481 View the source record →
  2. Congress included UAP language in NDAAs for fiscal years 2019 through 2023 and in an SSCI report on the FY2021 Intelligence Authorization Act.
    “As a result, Congressional committees included language about their UAP concerns in the FYs 2019 through 2023 NDAAs and a Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Report on the FY 2021 Intelligence Authorization Act.”
    Unclassified Summary of Report No. DODIG-2023-109, "Evaluation of the DoD's Actions Regarding Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," August 15, 2023 char:5017-5228 View the source record →
  3. Congress created the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office through NDAA legislation.
    “Congress created the All-domain Resolution Office in the NDAA of 2022.”
    Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency char:28915-28980 View the source record →
  4. AARO was announced in July 2022 as a new permanent UAP office required to report to Congress.
    “In July 2022, AARO—the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office—was announced. This new permanent UAP office had to report to Congress.”
    Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs ch31:34980-35102 View the source record →
  5. AARO provides quarterly reports, semiannual briefings and an annual report to Congress with ODNI.
    “Consistent with congressional direction, AARO provides quarterly reports, semiannual briefings, and an annual report to Congress in coordination with the ODNI.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:70175-70329 View the source record →
  6. ODNI submitted the 2022 Annual Report on UAP to Congress on 2023-01-12.
    “on January 12, 2023, the ODNI submitted the 2022 Annual Report on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena to Congress.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:70348-70447 View the source record →
  7. Hoagland and Torun made inroads in Congress to make Cydonia an imaging priority for Mars Observer.
    “When Hoagland and Erol Torun began making inroads in the United States Congress to make Cydonia an imaging priority for the upcoming Mars Observer program, the response began to get harried.”
    Dark Mission ch10:14218-14400
  8. Hoagland lobbied NASA and Congress on Cydonia and found neither controlled where the Mars Orbiter Camera pointed.
    “Hoagland and the other researchers then began to lobby NASA and Congress to target the formations, only to make an extremely unpleasant discovery. Neither NASA nor Congress had anything to say about where Michael Malin had pointed his Mars Orbiter camera.”
    Dark Mission ch10:25468-25716
  9. Klineberg told Hoagland NASA was under intense scrutiny from Congress because of the Space Exploration Initiative.
    “Only minutes before his public statement, Klineberg had informed Hoagland and several other attendees in a private meeting in the Director's office that NASA was "under intense scrutiny from Congress, because of SEI."”
    Dark Mission ch19:12972-13184
  10. Harry Reid was a former member of Congress's Gang of Eight SAP oversight group.
    “a former member of the Congress’ Gang of Eight SAP oversight group”
    In Plain Sight ch17:22355-22416 View the source record →
  11. Reid claims a DIA scientist's account prompted him to seek congressional funding for a UAP study.
    “Reid claims that this one incident prompted him to seek Congressional funding for a study.”
    In Plain Sight ch17:3083-3167 View the source record →
  12. Reid's AAWSAP funding from Congress ran out in 2012.
    “While Senator Harry Reid's AAWSAP funding from Congress ran out in 2012”
    In Plain Sight ch21:12644-12711 View the source record →
  13. Neither Congress nor the public has seen the 140-page AAWSAP Tic Tac report or the 100-plus other papers it produced.
    “Neither Congress nor the public has ever seen the Tic Tac report or any of the other 100-plus research papers.”
    Statement to Congress char:11316-11419
  14. Harry Reid retired from Congress in 2017.
    “Mr. Reid, who retired from Congress this year, said he was proud of the program.”
    Glowing Auras and 'Black Money': The Pentagon's Mysterious U.F.O. Program (Published 2017) char:3153-3225 View the source record →
  15. Elizondo, Stratton and Mellon concluded the only way to change Pentagon UAP handling was to force Congress to act.
    “Wargaming it with Jay and Chris Mellon, we realized that the only way to change the way the Pentagon was handling this was to get Congress to make them change.”
    Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs ch28:7879-8058 View the source record →
  16. Mellon and Elizondo began engaging with people on Capitol Hill.
    “Chris Mellon and I had begun to engage people on Capitol Hill in an effort to make change in Congress.”
    Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs ch30:7791-7884 View the source record →
  17. Before their first Washington DC trip, Mellon told Elizondo they were not lobbyists since they asked Congress for nothing.
    “Before we headed to DC on this first trip, he coached me on the ground rules. We were not *lobbyists*. That word meant one who cultivated political relationships with the expectation of results favorable to one’s industry. In contrast, we would not ask for anything.”
    Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs ch31:7841-8099 View the source record →
  18. Their strategy began by engaging SSCI and SASC staff and members of Congress.
    “The first step of the strategy would be to engage key professional staff on the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) and the Senate Armed Services Committee (SASC) as well as members of Congress.”
    Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs ch31:1700-1896 View the source record →
  19. Few members of Congress understood the UAP issue, seeing it as a nonissue for kooks and politically risky.
    “Unfortunately, few in Congress had any real previous understanding of the UAP issue and generally saw it as an odd “nonissue” for kooks and as politically risky.”
    Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs ch31:2463-2618 View the source record →
  20. In July 2022 Congress unanimously voted to include UAP legislation in the FY2023 NDAA.
    “In July 2022, Congress unanimously voted for inclusion of the most historic UAP legislation written at that point in the National Defense Authorization Act for the fiscal year 2023.”
    Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs ch31:41961-42137 View the source record →
  21. The FY2023 NDAA requires 72-hour notification to Congress of an unreported UAP programme.
    “It requires that Congress must be notified within 72 hours after evidence has emerged of a UAP program that, '… has not been explicitly and clearly reported to the congressional defense committees or the congressional intelligence committees.'”
    In Plain Sight ch30:16719-16950 View the source record →
  22. A UAP programme need not be disclosed if it is judged to relate to an already-reported special access programme.
    “if those administering this program, '… conclude that the preponderance of information available regarding the disclosure indicates that the observed object and associated events and activities likely relate to a special access program or compartmented access program that, as of the date of the disclosure, has been explicitly and clearly reported …' to the relevant committee, then it does not have to be disclosed.”
    In Plain Sight ch30:17078-17485 View the source record →
  23. The legislation released UAP non-disclosure-agreement signatories to speak to Congress in a classified setting.
    “It also provided protection from reprisals for those who came forward with their stories. This meant that anyone—civilian or military—who ever signed an NDA relating to UAP would be free to speak to Congress in a classified setting.”
    Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs ch31:36571-36822 View the source record →
  24. Congress required the UAP report to be produced annually following the Preliminary Assessment report.
    “This official government UAP report had proven so important, and of such great public interest, that Congress then required it on an annual basis.”
    Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs ch31:21824-21964 View the source record →
  25. The Legacy Program and its associates blocked funding Congress had appropriated to the UAP Task Force.
    “the powers that be, took their pushback to the next level and somehow managed to block the funding that had been appropriated to the UAP Task Force by Congress”
    Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs ch31:26232-26383 View the source record →
  26. Grusch gave Congress and the ICIG extensive classified information about non-human craft recovery programmes.
    “A former intelligence official turned whistleblower has given Congress and the Intelligence Community Inspector General extensive classified information about deeply covert programs that he says possess retrieved intact and partially intact craft of non-human origin.”
    Intelligence Officials Say U.S. Has Retrieved Craft of Non-Human Origin char:258-518 View the source record →
  27. Grusch's unclassified complaint states UAP information was withheld from Congress to thwart oversight.
    “An unclassified version of the complaint provided to us states that Grusch has direct knowledge that UAP-related classified information has been withheld and/or concealed from Congress by “elements” of the intelligence community “to purposely and intentionally thwart legitimate Congressional oversight of the UAP Program.””
    Intelligence Officials Say U.S. Has Retrieved Craft of Non-Human Origin char:11364-11678 View the source record →
  28. Grusch says the information he provided has been illegally withheld from Congress.
    “The information, he says, has been illegally withheld from Congress”
    Intelligence Officials Say U.S. Has Retrieved Craft of Non-Human Origin char:527-586 View the source record →
  29. By June 2023 Congress had held two public hearings and many classified briefings on UAP.
    “Now, with two public hearings and many classified briefings under its belt, Congress is pressing for answers.”
    Intelligence Officials Say U.S. Has Retrieved Craft of Non-Human Origin char:3749-3850 View the source record →
  30. The Intelligence Community Inspector General found the withheld-UFO-information allegation 'urgent and credible'.
    “the powerful internal investigative body that oversees the nation's intelligence agencies found a whistleblower's assertion that UFO-related information was inappropriately concealed from Congress “urgent and credible.””
    Claims that UFO information was inappropriately withheld from Congress deemed 'credible,' 'urgent' char:383-603 View the source record →
  31. In his 2023 testimony Grusch alleged government elements thwarted oversight of non-human craft recovery.
    “alleging that elements of the U.S. government had thwarted Congressional oversight, withheld information from proper Executive Branch officials and illegally concealed programs tied to the recovery and reverse engineering of craft of unknown, non-human origin”
    Rep. Burlison Welcomes Former U.S. Air Force Officer David Grusch as Special Advisor char:1640-1893 View the source record →
  32. AARO concluded no cited programmes were reverse-engineering craft and all authentic ones were properly reported.
    “None of the programs mentioned by interviewees are UAP reverse-engineering programs, and all the authentic programs have been properly notified and reported to Congress through the congressional defense and/or intelligence committees.”
    Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I char:12877-13100 View the source record →
  33. DoD's version of recent UAP incidents given to Congress began with the 2004 USS Nimitz encounter.
    “what they provided to Congress was a watered-down version of recent incidents, beginning with the 2004 Nimitz case”
    Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs ch31:22586-22698 View the source record →
  34. Ryan Graves and other Theodore Roosevelt pilots were summoned to brief members of Congress.
    “The Roosevelt’s Lieutenant Ryan Graves and other pilots were eventually summonsed to give confidential briefings to members of Congress.”
    In Plain Sight ch22:12069-12198 View the source record →
  35. Grusch considers it wrong Congress lacked oversight comparable to the 1970s Church Committee's CIA investigations.
    “seeing what Congress was not being told and not having appropriate insight akin to the Church Committee committees of the 1970s and not having insight on the CIA, NSA, and FBI's activities. I just thought it was wrong that this was allowed to go unchecked for so many years.”
    David Grusch: The Whistleblower Who Told Congress We're Not Alone 00:03:57.3-00:04:15.0
  36. A whistleblower wrote a report on the Immaculate Constellation programme and gave it to members of Congress.
    “They have written a report and provided it to members of Congress.”
    Journalist Leaked UAP Program "Immaculate Constellation" - DEBRIEFED ep. 10 00:02:17.5-00:02:20.8
  37. About 46 UAP videos reached Congress, many via the Congressional UAP Caucus through Corbell and Knapp's work.
    “a lot of the 46 or so videos that were allegedly provided or brought to the attention of the Congress were originally alerted to the knowledge of the Congress UAP caucus, I'm told, as a result of great work done by Jeremy Corbell and George Knapp.”
    Ross Coulthart Answers Your Biggest UAP Questions | Reality Check with Ross Coulthart 00:14:06.8-00:14:22.8
  38. Members of Congress received the Immaculate Constellation document minutes before the hearing, with no time to review it.
    “the folks in Congress apparently received the Immaculate Constellation docs. minutes before the hearing, so they did not have time to review it.”
    UAPs in Washington - I wasn't supposed to be there.. 00:13:35.8-00:13:47.2
  39. The UAP Disclosure Act shows Congress is aware of the Legacy Program's possession of non-human technology.
    “This historic legislation proves that Congress is aware of the Legacy Program's possession of nonhuman bodies and advanced technology not made here on earth and not made by human beings”
    Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs ch32:4211-4390 View the source record →

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