Aleister Crowley was an English occultist who proclaimed himself the wickedest man in the world1 and led the Ordo Templi Orientis (OTO). He was a member of numerous secret societies, including a 33rd-degree Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite Freemason.2 He expressed his principal magical invocations in the Enochian language, which he held had to be pronounced in a specific way to be effective, and which are still used today by his many disciples.3 According to Dark Mission, Crowley claimed that his Book of the Law (Crowley) had been dictated to him by an entity named Aiwass.4
Jacques Vallée noted that occultists from John Dee and Giacomo Casanova to Crowley have often doubled as spies.5 Vallée said Crowley was himself a minor espionage figure, and that his file at the Intelligence Service is said to have read “Use only with the most extreme caution”.6 According to Dark Mission, Crowley was considered a possible Nazi spy.7 Vallée said Crowley’s influence on Adolf Hitler was more imaginary than real.8
Jack Parsons, a rocket engineer at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), fell in with Crowley’s OTO at their temple in Los Angeles in December 1938.9 He was initiated into the OTO in 1939 and made a strong impression on fellow members, including Jane Wolfe, an actress who had spent time with Crowley.10 After several years as a member of Crowley’s Pasadena lodge, Crowley appointed Parsons to head Crowley’s Southern California centre while Parsons was simultaneously employed by Caltech to develop rockets for the US Army.11 By the early 1940s Parsons was a rising figure in the Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.) and exchanged frequent correspondence with Crowley,12 and the two worked together to expand the membership of the Los Angeles lodge.13
According to Dark Mission, Crowley and Parsons believed mankind was living in the Aeon of Osiris, a dark time when men were ruled by arbitrary laws that denied them their proper birthright.14 The same source states that in a letter dated 1946-02-23, Parsons wrote to Crowley that he had obtained his “elemental”, referring to Marjorie Cameron.15 It further states that Crowley became alarmed when he learned that L. Ron Hubbard and Parsons were attempting to produce a “Moonchild”,16 and that he considered neither man experienced enough in the methods and consequences of his Thelemic sex magick to safely raise one.17 Paul Rydeen wrote that Parsons claimed the mantle of Antichrist for himself as the magickal heir prophesied by Crowley in the Book of the Law.18
Crowley wanted to remove Parsons as head of the OTO in America after the Babalon Working episode, but Parsons continued to lead the OTO for a few more years because of his strong support among the Pasadena members, before eventually quitting.19 Karl Germer reported directly to Crowley.20 Right after World War II, a branch of Crowley’s OTO flourished in Los Angeles.21 Parsons collaborated with Crowley and Hubbard while both launching rockets and engaging in provocative rituals in the Los Angeles desert.22 Mike Bara said the Church of Scientology was most concerned with conveying that none of its teachings are based on Crowley’s Thelemic beliefs,23 and that it deserved the benefit of the doubt on that claim.24