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James MacDonald

American physicist and University of Arizona professor who, while employed by the United States Navy, spent 1967 travelling through Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania interviewing UFO witnesses and pressed the United Nations to take up the subject.

University of Arizona; United States Navy · American · Physicist; university professor

James MacDonald was an American physicist1 who held the title of professor at the University of Arizona.2 He officially worked for the United States Navy while, in his spare time, investigating Australian UFO reports and comparing them with American ones.3 His aim was to determine whether UFO reports from different countries tallied and whether the phenomenon was global in scale.4

During the James E. McDonald 1967 Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania UFO investigation tour, McDonald interviewed witnesses in Australia face-to-face and by telephone to establish for himself what had happened in individual cases and how credible the witnesses were.5 He had already spent about 12 to 13 months in the United States interviewing witnesses in key cases before the tour,6 went on to investigate roughly 50 to 60 cases in New Zealand and Australia,7 recorded approximately 3,000 metres of interview tape,8 and interviewed about 70 Australians or New Zealanders.9 He was also sent to interview Barry Greenwood about the 1966 Westall High School sighting, as part of a presidentially authorised inquiry.10 In Melbourne, he spoke with Brian King about UFO investigations11 and appeared on Barry Jones’s local talkback radio programme, which took listener calls during his appearance.12 He later travelled to Tasmania Hobart, where he found what he described as extremely interesting cases.13

He concluded that the pattern of sightings in Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania was not appreciably different from that in the United States.14 Many people, he noted, reported lights that moved across the sky, hovered and manoeuvred in ways that did not match meteors,15 and there were many cases in which animals such as dogs, horses and cows were present and reacted.16 McDonald said he found that witnesses of high credibility reported unconventional objects including discs and cigar-shaped objects,17 frequently at very low elevation,18 hovering over urban areas19 or following cars.20 He also said he found a little evidence suggesting there might be somewhat more sightings per head of population in Australia than in the United States, though he would not stand firmly on that impression.21

Among the cases he examined was the 1963-02 Moe farm disc sighting reported by farmer Brew. McDonald travelled to Moe, in the Gippsland area of Victoria, to interview the farmer, Brew, in person,22 and revisited the site a few days before his Melbourne radio appearance.23 He recounted that Brew had been milking at 07:00 one morning in February 1963 when a large disc-like object emerged from the overcast and hovered over a tree about 90 metres away,24 and that Brew was most struck by the animals’ reaction: the cattle stampeded, the dogs barked and the horses broke loose.25 McDonald said this panic reaction was not at all unrepresentative of animal behaviour in such cases.26 He also checked the 1955-11-17 New Zealand West Coast train spinning objects sighting against a close-dated sighting by an airline pilot while in Auckland;27 according to the same record, the objects in that case appeared semi-circular with no clearly discernible shape, seeming to spin at terrific speed,28 and were not terribly far away, being seen quite clearly.29 He examined the 1965-03-08 East Preston iridescent blue object sighting as well; the same record states that the object moved fairly rapidly, disappearing shortly after the witness focused binoculars on it,30 through which it appeared metallic and iridescent blue.31 McDonald considered the case moderately interesting and worth discussing further with the witness.32 At the site of the circa 1957 Wairakei flying saucer sighting by surveying engineer, the record notes that the geothermal field’s steam bores put out a roar loud enough that people had almost to shout to be heard, so no sound from the object could have been audible,33 and that the sighting was never reported to any air force.34 Of the 1949 Hawthorn cigar-shaped object sighting, McDonald said the clear, non-thundery conditions ruled out plasmoids of the ball lightning type,35 and that the object’s stationary character ruled out a meteoric fireball.36 Of an East Melbourne cylindrical object case, he said that it having been reported by no more than two people was not the same as it having been seen by no more than two people.37 He also said that experienced private investigating groups worked in Sydney, Melbourne and Tasmania, as distinct from official groups, whose explanations he found outrageously absurd.38

McDonald engaged directly with proposed explanations for the phenomenon. He said the main difficulty with Carl Gustav Jung’s psychological archetype explanation of flying saucers was that Jung had not been addressing the real UFO problem but psychotic types with a psychic need to believe,39 and that the theory required assuming canine, equine, feline and bovine archetypal images were identical to human ones, without explaining why the phenomenon stampeded cattle.40 Having, in the year before the tour, worked through psychological, advanced-technology, hoax, fabrication, fraud and poorly-understood-geophysical-phenomena hypotheses,41 he said he had concluded that the extraterrestrial hypothesis for UFOs was what remained after eliminating the others,42 and that the objects reported amounted to machine-like craft of some kind.43

McDonald was strongly critical of the official American response and took the issue to international bodies. The official position of the United States Air Force (USAF), he said, was that the UFO subject was a lot of nonsense and a burdensome duty the Air Force was unable to get away from,44 and that although expertise existed to examine the problem, it had not been used for 15 years.45 Project Blue Book, the USAF’s UFO investigation, had by 1967 been running for about 14 years46 and consisted of three people: a major, a sergeant and a secretary.47 McDonald said the Air Force issued press releases about the thoroughness of its work and indicated that only two to three per cent of cases were unknowns, which it maintained would probably be explained with more data,48 but he concluded that the investigation had in fact been superficial, conducted by persons of extremely low scientific competence, and must be regarded as essentially not a scientific investigation at all.49 On 1967-06-07, he addressed the United Nations Outer Space Affairs Group, submitting a formal statement urging UN action on the problem.50 An appointment to see UN Secretary-General U Thant around the same time was prevented by the 1967 Middle East crisis (Six-Day War),51 and McDonald said he intended to try again.52 He said U Thant, in an exchange with Drew Pearson shortly before McDonald’s Melbourne appearance, had described the UFO problem as probably the most important international problem, with the present exception of the Vietnam War;53 McDonald said he cabled U Thant a reply endorsing the statement, while disagreeing to the extent that, in his own view, the UFO problem was of even greater international importance than the Vietnamese situation.54

  1. McDonald is described as an American physicist
    “We've been listening to American physicist Professor James E. MacDonald of the University of Arizona.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:43:28.0-00:43:34.3
  2. He held the title of professor at the University of Arizona
    “American physicist Professor James E. MacDonald of the University of Arizona”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:43:29.4-00:43:34.3
  3. He worked for the US Navy while investigating Australian UFO reports in his spare time
    “Officially, he was working for the U.S. Navy, but in his spare time, he's checking many Australian reports of UFOs and comparing them with American reports.”
    The UFO Phenomenon | Full Documentary 2021 | 7NEWS Spotlight 00:54:12.5-00:54:19.7
  4. His aim was to determine whether UFO reports from different countries tallied and constituted a global phenomenon
    “His aim is to see if the reports tally, in short, whether UFOs constitute a global phenomenon.”
    The UFO Phenomenon | Full Documentary 2021 | 7NEWS Spotlight 00:54:20.8-00:54:25.9
  5. During the tour he interviewed witnesses face-to-face and by telephone to assess events and credibility
    “I've been down here in Australia interviewing witnesses to find out for myself, in direct, face-to-face, or in some cases, phone interviewing, exactly what happened in individual cases and what the credibility of the witness is”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:00:06.7-00:00:21.0
  6. He had spent 12 to 13 months in the US interviewing witnesses before the tour
    “I've spent about 12-13 months in the States in interviewing witnesses in key cases, attempting to unravel this very puzzling and very intriguing mystery.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:27:38.2-00:27:51.0
  7. He investigated approximately 50 to 60 cases in New Zealand and Australia
    “I've investigated about 50 or 60 cases since I came down to New Zealand and Australia.”
    The UFO Phenomenon | Full Documentary 2021 | 7NEWS Spotlight 00:54:33.4-00:54:38.8
  8. He recorded approximately 3,000 metres of interview tape
    “I have about 10,000 feet of tape, I noticed, when I wound this thing up.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:30:15.9-00:30:20.8
  9. He interviewed about 70 Australians or New Zealanders
    “And I've interviewed about 70 Australians or New Zealanders.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:30:21.7-00:30:25.7
  10. He was sent to interview Barry Greenwood about the 1966 Westall sighting as part of a presidentially authorised inquiry
    “I think it might have been a Professor James MacDonald. James MacDonald, that's the one.”
    The UFO Phenomenon | Full Documentary 2021 | 7NEWS Spotlight 00:54:07.4-00:54:11.2
  11. In Melbourne he spoke with Brian King about UFO investigations
    “In Melbourne, he's talking with Brian King.”
    The UFO Phenomenon | Full Documentary 2021 | 7NEWS Spotlight 00:54:27.2-00:54:28.5
  12. Barry Jones's Melbourne talkback radio programme took listener calls during his appearance
    “Talkback 638151. Professor James MacDonald, the University of Arizona, talking about unidentified flying objects. Let's hear from you on 638151.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:04:10.0-00:04:17.6
  13. He travelled to Hobart, Tasmania, and found extremely interesting cases there
    “I've been down to Hobart, Tasmania, some extremely interesting cases in Tasmania.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:30:27.1-00:30:31.3
  14. The picture of sightings in Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania was not appreciably different from that in the US
    “The picture in Australia, with respect to UFO sightings, observations of unconventional objects maneuvering, sometimes quite close to ground, sometimes within tens to hundreds of feet of very credible, reliable observers, is just not appreciably different in Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania from what it is in the States.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:29:00.2-00:29:27.1
  15. Many people report lights moving, hovering and manoeuvring in ways that do not match meteors
    “lots of persons in the US and Australia and elsewhere are making reports just like that of lights that move across, hover, exhibit maneuvers that do not at all match meteors.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:06:06.2-00:06:17.3
  16. Many cases involve animals present and reacting
    “There are lots of cases where animals are present, dogs, horses, cows, and so on.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:14:12.0-00:14:16.1
  17. He found witnesses of high credibility reported discs and cigar-shaped objects
    “Persons of really quite high credibility reporting unconventional objects, discs, cigar-shaped objects”
    The UFO Phenomenon | Full Documentary 2021 | 7NEWS Spotlight 00:54:48.2-00:54:55.7
  18. He found the objects frequently reported at very low elevation
    “frequently at very low elevation”
    The UFO Phenomenon | Full Documentary 2021 | 7NEWS Spotlight 00:54:56.0-00:54:57.0
  19. He found objects reported hovering over urban areas
    “hovering over sometimes urban areas”
    The UFO Phenomenon | Full Documentary 2021 | 7NEWS Spotlight 00:54:58.7-00:55:00.5
  20. He found objects reported hovering over or following cars
    “sometimes over cars, following cars.”
    The UFO Phenomenon | Full Documentary 2021 | 7NEWS Spotlight 00:55:00.8-00:55:02.2
  21. He found a little evidence of more sightings per head of population in Australia than the US
    “There's just a little bit of evidence that indicates to me there may even be a few more sightings per square mile or per capita here than in the States. But I wouldn't stand firmly on that feeling that I've gotten.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:29:31.0-00:29:46.9
  22. He travelled to Moe, Gippsland, Victoria, to interview farmer Brew
    “We were down in Mowi, in the Gippsland area, talking to a farmer named Brew,”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:14:59.7-00:15:02.8
  23. He visited the site again a few days before his Melbourne radio appearance
    “I was on the spot a few days ago looking at it.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:15:14.1-00:15:15.6
  24. Brew was milking at 07:00 in February 1963 when a disc hovered over a tree about 90 metres away
    “who was milking 0700 on February of 1963. All of a sudden, coming out of the overcast was a large disc-like object which hovered over a tree 100 yards away.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:15:03.8-00:15:13.9
  25. Brew described cattle stampeding, dogs barking and horses breaking loose
    “The cattle, he was most impressed by the way in which the cattle jumped and stampeded, the dogs started barking, horses broke loose and so on.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:15:16.3-00:15:24.8
  26. McDonald said the animals' panic reaction was not unrepresentative of such cases
    “This is not at all unrepresentative of the kind of panic reaction that animals show.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:15:25.3-00:15:28.7
  27. The 1955-11-17 date is close to a New Zealand airline pilot sighting McDonald checked in Auckland
    “That date is interestingly close to the date of a sighting in New Zealand that I checked when I was over in Auckland, an airline pilot.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:24:14.0-00:24:20.0
  28. The objects appeared semi-circular, spinning at terrific speed
    “they seem to be semi-circular. You know, they were just... You couldn't really make out a shape. They just seemed to be spinning at such a terrific speed.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:23:30.7-00:23:39.2
  29. The objects were not terribly far away and could be seen clearly
    “James E. MacDonald: Did you have the impression they were many miles away or quite close? Speaker 9: not terribly far, you know, because I could see them quite clearly.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:23:39.7-00:23:47.6
  30. The East Preston object moved rapidly and disappeared shortly after binoculars were focused on it
    “James E. MacDonald: was this moving in in a very rapid speed...? Speaker 5: well fairly rapid i didn't have time i just had time to go and get the binoculars and then pick it up and it disappeared from view”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:25:49.2-00:26:00.0
  31. Through binoculars the object appeared metallic and iridescent blue
    “James E. MacDonald: when you looked at the binoculars did it exhibit actual shape and structure Speaker 5: yes it was like made out of a metal an iridescent blue color”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:26:04.2-00:26:11.0
  32. McDonald considered the East Preston case moderately interesting
    “that's uh moderately interesting it might be well to talk with you a little bit further if we could”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:26:23.2-00:26:26.2
  33. Wairakei's steam bores roared so loudly no sound from the object could have been heard
    “James E. MacDonald: Did you hear any sound...? Speaker 8: I was in the field of steam boars, which put out a terrific roar, and I don't know whether you've been to Wairakei in New Zealand, but to make anyone else hear you, you have to almost shout in their ear.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:19:04.2-00:19:20.0
  34. The Wairakei sighting was never reported to any air force
    “James E. MacDonald: You never reported that to the RAF or the New Zealand Air Force? Speaker 8: No, not at all.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:20:39.9-00:20:44.9
  35. McDonald considered the clear, non-thundery conditions to rule out ball-lightning plasmoids for the Hawthorn case
    “Yes, that rules out plasmoids of the ball lightning type.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:03:07.0-00:03:10.8
  36. McDonald considered the object's stationary character to rule out a meteoric fireball
    “let's just take the stationary aspect. The possibility that it's a meteoric fireball is ruled out...”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:03:20.7-00:03:25.5
  37. McDonald said the East Melbourne case being reported by two people is not the same as being seen by only two
    “well no more than two reported it in any way”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:10:22.4-00:10:24.9
  38. McDonald said experienced private groups worked in Sydney, Melbourne and Tasmania, unlike official groups
    “experienced investigators such as those that have been working in Sydney and Melbourne and Tasmania and in other parts of the world, these are private investigating groups, not the official groups. The official groups ... come out with such outrageously absurd explanations”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:35:43.8-00:36:00.5
  39. McDonald said Jung's archetype explanation did not address the real UFO problem
    “The main difficulty is Jung was not at all addressing himself to what is the real UFO problem. He is talking about psychotic types who have some kind of psychic needs to believe.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:13:31.2-00:13:40.8
  40. McDonald argued Jung's theory required identical animal archetypes and could not explain cattle stampedes
    “Jung says these are psychic projections of archetypal images, you know. Well, it poses the puzzling question, you see, Barry, that we have to make the assumption that canine, equine, feline, bovine archetypal images are identical with ours. ... If you think this is not a real phenomenon, then why does it stampede cattle?”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:14:16.5-00:14:35.7
  41. He had worked through psychological, technological, hoax and geophysical hypotheses
    “When you look at these various hypotheses, psychological, advanced technology, hoax, fabrication, fraud, poorly understood geophysical phenomena, you run through all of those. This is certainly what I've done in the past year of checking.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:37:12.6-00:37:31.8
  42. He concluded the extraterrestrial hypothesis was what remained after eliminating the others
    “You find yourself ending up with the seemingly absurd, seemingly improbable hypothesis These things may be coming from somewhere else.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:37:33.1-00:37:44.6
  43. He concluded UFOs boiled down to machine-like craft of some kind
    “looking at Australian, American and other sightings, examining the credibility of the observers looking at the content of these observations, I'm afraid that it boils down to to craft of some kind machine-like objects”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:40:58.9-00:41:14.7
  44. The USAF's official position was that UFOs were nonsense and a burdensome duty
    “The official position is that it's a lot of nonsense, burdensome duty that the Air Force is unable to get away with.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:22:01.0-00:22:07.3
  45. Expertise existed but had not been used by the USAF for 15 years
    “There is expertise at the disposal of the American Air Force, but when you go digging, as I have, you find it just isn't being used and hasn't been used for 15 years.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:22:13.6-00:22:20.3
  46. Project Blue Book had been running about 14 years as of 1967
    “the American Air Force investigation Project Blue Book which has been in operation for about 14 years”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:31:53.0-00:31:58.9
  47. Project Blue Book consisted of a major, a sergeant and a secretary in 1967
    “Project Blue Book consists of three people at present. The American Air Force Investigatory Program is a major, a sergeant, and a secretary.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:22:20.7-00:22:27.8
  48. McDonald said the USAF claimed only two to three per cent of cases were unknowns
    “the kind of press releases that are put out about the great expertise that's used, the thorough investigations, and the indication that there are only two or three percent of unknowns, and probably those would be explained, the Air Force insists, if they add a little more data.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:32:51.3-00:33:06.2
  49. He concluded Blue Book's investigation was superficial and essentially not scientific
    “regarded quite highly in other parts of the world and that's completely unjustified ... it's been done superficially and by persons of extremely low scientific competence. It has to be regarded as essentially zero. It is not a scientific investigation.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:32:05.1-00:32:24.4
  50. On 1967-06-07 McDonald addressed the UN Outer Space Affairs Group, submitting a formal statement
    “On the 7th of June, I was at the United Nations speaking to the Outer Space Affairs Group about the UFO problem, submitted some formal statements to them, urging UN action on the UFO problem.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:15:58.7-00:16:11.5
  51. His appointment with U Thant was prevented by the Middle East crisis
    “I had a date to see U Thant, but the Mideast crisis interfered.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:16:12.0-00:16:14.1
  52. He intended to try again to meet U Thant
    “I'm going to try again to see him.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:42:28.7-00:42:30.6
  53. McDonald said U Thant told Drew Pearson the UFO problem was probably the most important international problem after the Vietnam War
    “Subsequently, however, in some kind of an exchange with Drew Pearson, U Thant made a statement now about four or five days ago, I guess six days ago, that the UFO problem is probably the most important international problem, with the present exception of the Vietnam War.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:16:15.3-00:16:32.3
  54. McDonald said he cabled U Thant endorsing the statement but ranking the UFO problem of even greater importance than Vietnam
    “I cabled U Thant a reply, endorsing the statement, but disagreeing to the extent of saying that, in my opinion, the UFO problem is probably even greater in international importance than the Vietnamese situation.”
    UFOs in Australia – Eyewitnesses Talk to Dr. James E. McDonald During His Investigative Tour (1967) 00:16:36.3-00:16:50.4

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