Mark C. Carlotto is a world-class imaging expert and Department of Defense (DOD) contractor on classified imaging analyses.1 He is a member of the Society for Planetary Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Research (Society for Planetary SETI Research (SPSR)).2 He joined Richard C. Hoagland’s second Mars research group, the Mars Investigation Group, in 1985.3
By the mid-1990s Carlotto’s research on Cydonia spanned almost a decade, alongside that of Vince Dipietro, Greg Molenaar and Erol Torun.4 Using new imaging techniques, he extracted more detail from the two Viking images of the Face on Mars than Dipietro and Molenaar’s earlier method had.5 Carlotto said his enhancements of the Viking frame 70A13 revealed what appeared to be teeth in the mouth, bilaterally crossed lines on the forehead, and lateral striping on the western half.6 He developed a fractal analysis technique to identify which objects in an image were least consistent with their natural surroundings, and applied it to the Cydonia images.7 According to Dark Mission, working with Michael C. Stein, an initial study of about 3,000 square kilometres around the Face found the Face and the nearby Fortress the two most non-fractal objects in that terrain;8 the pair went on to extend the survey to about 15,000 square kilometres, with results said to be consistent with the earlier findings.9 Responding for NASA, Michael Malin argued that the fractal analysis had shown only that the Face was different rather than artificial, and suggested a broader survey area would smooth out the curve.10 Carlotto had already expanded the survey, however, and the Face’s distinctiveness reportedly became more pronounced at the larger scale.11 Lacking funds to continue, Carlotto offered to hand his fractal-analysis program to NASA to survey the whole Martian surface, but the agency declined, according to Dark Mission.12 He also produced an ortho-rectification of the second Cydonia Face image considered better than NASA’s own version.13 Carlotto contended that the Face might be artificial but, if so, in a highly eroded state.14 His earlier three-dimensional shape-from-shading analysis of the D&M Pyramid indicated, according to Hoagland, that a feature near a crater might be a horizontal entrance point,15 and his enhancements, Carlotto said, showed the pyramid to be five-sided rather than the four-sided shape Dipietro had originally argued.16
Carlotto attended a press conference at the National Press Club alongside Tom Van Flandern, David Webb and architect Robert Fiertek, among the principals of the independent Mars investigation.17 In November 1997 he attended a meeting between the SPSR and Carl Pilcher of NASA, also attended by Stanley V. McDaniel and John Brandenberg.18 At a Brazilian UFO expo, Carlotto reported that NASA had told the meeting there were two groups within the agency regarding the Cydonia objects: one seeking to prove UFO researchers wrong, and a smaller, growing group who considered NASA’s data worth a closer look.19
On 2002-08-29, Carlotto, of the SPSR, published his own analysis of the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) multispectral image of Cydonia.20 The published analysis referred to the infrared image file by an incorrect file name.21 Mike Bara emailed Carlotto to say he had made several errors and should withdraw the article until he and Hoagland published their own analysis.22 The two spoke by phone on 2002-09-04, after Carlotto obtained Hoagland’s number from Bara.23 During that call Carlotto was concerned his paper would be made obsolete by the forthcoming Hoagland-Bara article,24 and agreed to reprocess the “real” Cydonia THEMIS image with a composite, colour-ratio and decorrelation-stretch analysis and report the results back to Hoagland.25 He never reported the results back.26 Instead, according to Hoagland, Carlotto ran the official Arizona State University version of the image through a series of contrast and blur filters in an attempt to show that Laney’s version was degraded.27 Carlotto said that the similarity between the Laney image and the “official” one suggested the Enterprise Mission image was an altered version of the Arizona State University release.28 At Hoagland’s and Bara’s request, Keith Laney instead produced, in about five minutes, an image of the same section with the THEMIS bands properly aligned geometrically.29 Applying Carlotto’s own fractal-analysis method to a single band of Laney’s infrared strip, and comparing it with Carlotto’s earlier fractal analysis of Viking frames AS-35A72 and 70A13, showed that image blocks Carlotto had attributed to filtering artefacts were also present in his own twelve-year-old work, matching the Laney image block for block.30 Hoagland and Bara went on to challenge Carlotto to produce and publish the composite, colour-ratio and decorrelation-stretch results he had promised.31 Hoagland concluded that Carlotto had “erred badly” over the THEMIS analysis,32 while maintaining that Carlotto remained a world-class imaging expert whose competence the episode did not reflect.33
In 2005 Carlotto published Anomalous Phenomena in Space Shuttle Mission STS-80 Video, analysing three phenomena captured by a camera aboard Space Shuttle Columbia during the STS-80 mission: two slow-moving circular objects, a number of fast-moving objects near the shuttle, and a luminous apparition near the earth’s surface.34 On 1996-12-02 a rapidly moving burst of light, designated event F1, appeared near the earth’s surface off the east coast of Puerto Rico,35 well before sunrise and away from thunderstorm activity.36 Carlotto calculated the object’s speed at over approximately 800 kilometres per second.37 He located the event just off the east coast of Puerto Rico, near Vieques, by matching a map of the island to the foreshortening-corrected pattern of lights visible in the video.38 Carlotto said he considered event F1 one of the most unusual phenomena observed to date by the space shuttle.39 He argued the object could not be a missile because it moved at a constant speed from the point it was first seen to the point it disappeared,40 and that its estimated speed was far too high for a missile, falling instead within the range of blue jets, sprites, ball lightning and other previously documented phenomena.41 The same video showed two disk-like objects, designated U1 and U2, which drew considerable public interest for their disk-like shape42 and for the way U2 suddenly appeared in the frame.43 Carlotto considered the most likely explanation for U1 and U2 to be ice particles or other small objects close to the orbiter.44 Analysing ten further fast-moving streak objects designated S1 to S10, Carlotto found all but two moving generally north-westerly;45 he argued that as satellites they would need to be in improbable retrograde orbits,46 and ruled out the Geminid meteor shower on the grounds that the streaks moved in the wrong direction.47 He also analysed an earlier sighting, captured on live video during the STS-48 mission in September 1991, of as many as a dozen objects moving in unusual trajectories, in Dr. Mark Carlotto’s STS-48 analysis paper.48 According to Carlotto, NASA assessed the STS-48 objects as orbiter-generated debris illuminated by the sun and disturbed by a thruster firing,49 while Jack Kasher produced five proofs, Carlotto reported, that the objects could not be ice particles disturbed in that way.50 Carlotto compared his STS-80 imagery with registered Earth-light data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) to confirm the cluster of lights he had identified as Puerto Rico.51
Carlotto is a colleague of Maaneli “Max” Derakhshani at the SPSR52 and has done extensive work on lunar and Mars anomalies over the decades.53 According to Derakhshani, NASA has never officially addressed the questions Carlotto and others raised about the STS-48 incident,54 and James E. Oberg of NASA has had exchanges with Carlotto and Kasher over the incident, though not officially on the agency’s behalf.55 Derakhshani said that Dr. Mark Carlotto’s 2005 STS-80 analysis paper analysed the propulsive capabilities of the F1 object using a time-lapse sequence of photographs.56 Derakhshani also said that in his STS-48 research, Carlotto noted some correlation between Defense Support Program (DSP) satellite data over the region at the time and what was observed, citing a reference for it in his paper.57