Wernher von Braun was born on 1912-03-23 in Wirsitz, Germany, the second of three children of Baron Magnus von Braun and Baroness Emmy von Braun.1 A telescope and a copy of Hermann Oberth’s book A Rocket Into Interplanetary Space led him to experiment with rocket motors,2 and at the age of sixteen he organised a team to build an astronomical observatory.3 He studied mechanical engineering at the Berlin Institute of Technology, where he became a member of the German Society for Space Travel,4 and in 1932 enrolled at Berlin University, assembling a team of more than a hundred scientists - including his younger brother Magnus - to carry out early rocket development experiments.5 Because the Treaty of Versailles barred Germany from developing large artillery, the German state offered him a grant to develop liquid-fuelled rocket engines, which the treaty did not prohibit,6 and he went on to operate a secret laboratory on the Baltic coast near Germany Peenemunde, where his classified research doubled as his doctoral thesis.7 Oberth is regarded as the godfather of German rocketry and was von Braun’s mentor.8
When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, von Braun remained in Germany even though he could have left for France, England, or America.9 Colonel Walter Dornberger was personally assigned by Hitler to oversee von Braun’s research for military applications.10 In 1939 Hitler personally visited von Braun’s laboratories and was shown a demonstration of the rockets his team had developed,11 an occasion recorded as the 1939 Hitler visit to Von Braun’s rocket labs. A few weeks afterwards, von Braun received a letter personally from Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler offering him a commission in the Schutzstaffel (SS).12 Von Braun was a close personal friend of Himmler, who offered him the SS rank of Major,13 and at his induction into the SS - the only occasion on which he is known to have worn the uniform - Himmler was in attendance and the two were photographed together.14 Von Braun was a member of the Nazi party.15 Richard C. Hoagland has said that he considers the standard account, in which von Braun was pressured by the Third Reich into joining Nazi organisations and agonised over the decision, to be increasingly unlikely.16 Hoagland has said that von Braun held the rank of Major in the SS,17 and that an official photograph exists of the 1939 demonstration for Hitler which, in his account, led directly to von Braun being personally offered an SS commission by Himmler and to the V-2 programme at Peenemunde.18 Hoagland has also said that the only known photograph of “SS Major” von Braun in his black SS uniform shows him directly behind Himmler, taken at his induction ceremony.19 In the early 1940s, von Braun perfected the A4 rocket, described as the world’s first true ballistic missile.20
As Allied forces neared the V-2 rocket complex, von Braun engineered the surrender of 500 of his personnel.21 He and his compatriots were subsequently brought to the United States under Project Paperclip,22 though investigators within the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA) had raised objections to bringing him to the United States under the programme.23 According to Dark Mission, the JIOA’s evaluation of von Braun, dated 1947-06-25,24 stated that it could not be ascertained why he became a member of the SS, could not determine whether his positions in the SS were honorary, required by the Nazi party, or desired by him, and that no records of his arrest had been located.25 Hoagland has said that von Braun, Arthur Rudolph, Kurt Debus and other German scientists brought to the United States under Project Paperclip had elaborate Nazi pasts,26 and that Vannevar Bush and Theodore von Karman used their influence to have doubts about von Braun’s SS past overlooked.27 Bush played a key role in bringing many German rocket scientists, including von Braun, to the United States,28 and according to Dark Mission, this involvement originally brought von Braun and other ardent Nazis to the United States illegally, in direct violation of President Truman’s executive orders.29 Von Karman was sent to Germany after the war to interview German rocket scientists and tour Nazi facilities at Peenemunde and Germany Mittelwerk, where he met von Braun and recommended he be brought to the United States, in violation of the directives of Project Paperclip.30 According to Dark Mission, documents obtained through the Enterprise Mission’s research into the United States National Archives in the mid-1990s confirm that von Braun was a Major in the SS during World War II.31 According to Dark Mission, Linda Hunt found survivors of the Nazi missile factories at Mittelwerk and Peenemunde who said von Braun witnessed executions and abuse of prisoners at those facilities,32 and that survivors told her he ordered executions on at least one occasion.33 According to Dark Mission, documents show that near the end of World War II, von Braun was commissioned to devise a plan to use a V-2 rocket to bomb New York City with a radioactive device.34
After Project Paperclip cleared the way, von Braun and his team were sent to White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico,35 where they tested captured A4 rockets (V-2s) and developed more powerful ones,36 and von Braun was appointed technical director of the United States Army’s ballistic weapon programme.37 He and fellow Project Paperclip scientists spent off-duty time in El Paso, Texas, near White Sands, in 1945.38 In 1950 the team was transferred to the Army’s Redstone Arsenal near Huntsville, Alabama,39 where they developed the Redstone, Jupiter and Jupiter-C ballistic missiles.40 Hoagland has said that von Braun’s team made no attempt to conceal their Nazi pasts or affinity for the Third Reich once settled in the United States,41 and that members of the group displayed swastikas and other Nazi symbols on their clothing and on signs at the camps where they were housed after immigrating.42 Von Braun became a United States citizen in 1955.43 He served as the primary United States Army engineer for space exploration support.44 He predicted that the Vanguard rocket would fail, but was forbidden from launching a United States Army satellite with his separate group in response;45 Hoagland has said that after Vanguard’s launch failure, von Braun’s team was recruited to achieve a US win in the space race.46
Von Braun wrote several articles in the magazine Collier’s promoting space travel to Americans,47 and Walt Disney hired him to produce and star in three television films about space travel.48 Hoagland has said these films helped establish von Braun as America’s most notable space expert.49 According to Dark Mission, in the Man in Space dramatisation, von Braun’s fictional rocket takes five days to reach the Moon, with an opportunity for one pass around the far side before returning to Earth,50 and the fictional astronauts make no comment about an artificial-looking lunar formation revealed by a flare, either at the time or later in the film.51 Hoagland has said that he considers von Braun and Disney intended the film to portray the Moon as previously inhabited, while paying homage to the Masonic number 33.52 Hoagland has also said that the only launch pad at White Sands, where von Braun conducted his first American V-2 tests, was numbered Launch Complex 33.53 According to Dark Mission, NASA was staffed at all levels by German rocket scientists from Project Paperclip, including former Nazis and SS members such as von Braun.54 In July 1960, von Braun was appointed director of the newly established Marshall Space Flight Center and tasked with developing rockets for NASA.55 Hoagland has said that he placed many of his old Nazi colleagues into key positions at the new agency,56 and at von Braun’s behest, Kurt Debus was made the first Director of the Kennedy Space Center;57 Debus had been a colleague of von Braun’s during World War II.58
Jack Parsons and Ed Forman had early contact with the German rocket pioneers Oberth and von Braun.59 Parsons’ own quest was to develop solid-fuel rocket boosters as a simpler, cheaper and more reliable alternative to the liquid-fuelled rockets developed by Robert Goddard and von Braun.60 According to Dark Mission, von Braun and von Karman named Parsons as one of the three most important pioneers of the rocket age.61 Hoagland has speculated that von Braun may have discovered a private, parallel space programme by stumbling upon it at the dawn of the space age,62 and that he may not have known he was not at the top of the technological food chain until he discovered that hyperdimensional physics theory was real, and that he and his NASA co-workers had been excluded from exploiting its benefits.63