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Wernher von Braun

German-born rocket engineer who developed the A4/V-2 ballistic missile for Nazi Germany, was brought to the United States under Project Paperclip after World War II, and later directed NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, developing the rockets that powered the US space programme.

Nazi Party; Project Paperclip · 1912-03-23, Wirsitz, Germany · German; naturalised US citizen, 1955 · Technical Director, US Army ballistic weapons programme; Director, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (from July 1960)

Wernher von Braun was born on 1912-03-23 in Wirsitz, Germany, the second of three children of Baron Magnus von Braun and Baroness Emmy von Braun.1 A telescope and a copy of Hermann Oberth’s book A Rocket Into Interplanetary Space led him to experiment with rocket motors,2 and at the age of sixteen he organised a team to build an astronomical observatory.3 He studied mechanical engineering at the Berlin Institute of Technology, where he became a member of the German Society for Space Travel,4 and in 1932 enrolled at Berlin University, assembling a team of more than a hundred scientists - including his younger brother Magnus - to carry out early rocket development experiments.5 Because the Treaty of Versailles barred Germany from developing large artillery, the German state offered him a grant to develop liquid-fuelled rocket engines, which the treaty did not prohibit,6 and he went on to operate a secret laboratory on the Baltic coast near Germany Peenemunde, where his classified research doubled as his doctoral thesis.7 Oberth is regarded as the godfather of German rocketry and was von Braun’s mentor.8

When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, von Braun remained in Germany even though he could have left for France, England, or America.9 Colonel Walter Dornberger was personally assigned by Hitler to oversee von Braun’s research for military applications.10 In 1939 Hitler personally visited von Braun’s laboratories and was shown a demonstration of the rockets his team had developed,11 an occasion recorded as the 1939 Hitler visit to Von Braun’s rocket labs. A few weeks afterwards, von Braun received a letter personally from Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler offering him a commission in the Schutzstaffel (SS).12 Von Braun was a close personal friend of Himmler, who offered him the SS rank of Major,13 and at his induction into the SS - the only occasion on which he is known to have worn the uniform - Himmler was in attendance and the two were photographed together.14 Von Braun was a member of the Nazi party.15 Richard C. Hoagland has said that he considers the standard account, in which von Braun was pressured by the Third Reich into joining Nazi organisations and agonised over the decision, to be increasingly unlikely.16 Hoagland has said that von Braun held the rank of Major in the SS,17 and that an official photograph exists of the 1939 demonstration for Hitler which, in his account, led directly to von Braun being personally offered an SS commission by Himmler and to the V-2 programme at Peenemunde.18 Hoagland has also said that the only known photograph of “SS Major” von Braun in his black SS uniform shows him directly behind Himmler, taken at his induction ceremony.19 In the early 1940s, von Braun perfected the A4 rocket, described as the world’s first true ballistic missile.20

As Allied forces neared the V-2 rocket complex, von Braun engineered the surrender of 500 of his personnel.21 He and his compatriots were subsequently brought to the United States under Project Paperclip,22 though investigators within the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA) had raised objections to bringing him to the United States under the programme.23 According to Dark Mission, the JIOA’s evaluation of von Braun, dated 1947-06-25,24 stated that it could not be ascertained why he became a member of the SS, could not determine whether his positions in the SS were honorary, required by the Nazi party, or desired by him, and that no records of his arrest had been located.25 Hoagland has said that von Braun, Arthur Rudolph, Kurt Debus and other German scientists brought to the United States under Project Paperclip had elaborate Nazi pasts,26 and that Vannevar Bush and Theodore von Karman used their influence to have doubts about von Braun’s SS past overlooked.27 Bush played a key role in bringing many German rocket scientists, including von Braun, to the United States,28 and according to Dark Mission, this involvement originally brought von Braun and other ardent Nazis to the United States illegally, in direct violation of President Truman’s executive orders.29 Von Karman was sent to Germany after the war to interview German rocket scientists and tour Nazi facilities at Peenemunde and Germany Mittelwerk, where he met von Braun and recommended he be brought to the United States, in violation of the directives of Project Paperclip.30 According to Dark Mission, documents obtained through the Enterprise Mission’s research into the United States National Archives in the mid-1990s confirm that von Braun was a Major in the SS during World War II.31 According to Dark Mission, Linda Hunt found survivors of the Nazi missile factories at Mittelwerk and Peenemunde who said von Braun witnessed executions and abuse of prisoners at those facilities,32 and that survivors told her he ordered executions on at least one occasion.33 According to Dark Mission, documents show that near the end of World War II, von Braun was commissioned to devise a plan to use a V-2 rocket to bomb New York City with a radioactive device.34

After Project Paperclip cleared the way, von Braun and his team were sent to White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico,35 where they tested captured A4 rockets (V-2s) and developed more powerful ones,36 and von Braun was appointed technical director of the United States Army’s ballistic weapon programme.37 He and fellow Project Paperclip scientists spent off-duty time in El Paso, Texas, near White Sands, in 1945.38 In 1950 the team was transferred to the Army’s Redstone Arsenal near Huntsville, Alabama,39 where they developed the Redstone, Jupiter and Jupiter-C ballistic missiles.40 Hoagland has said that von Braun’s team made no attempt to conceal their Nazi pasts or affinity for the Third Reich once settled in the United States,41 and that members of the group displayed swastikas and other Nazi symbols on their clothing and on signs at the camps where they were housed after immigrating.42 Von Braun became a United States citizen in 1955.43 He served as the primary United States Army engineer for space exploration support.44 He predicted that the Vanguard rocket would fail, but was forbidden from launching a United States Army satellite with his separate group in response;45 Hoagland has said that after Vanguard’s launch failure, von Braun’s team was recruited to achieve a US win in the space race.46

Von Braun wrote several articles in the magazine Collier’s promoting space travel to Americans,47 and Walt Disney hired him to produce and star in three television films about space travel.48 Hoagland has said these films helped establish von Braun as America’s most notable space expert.49 According to Dark Mission, in the Man in Space dramatisation, von Braun’s fictional rocket takes five days to reach the Moon, with an opportunity for one pass around the far side before returning to Earth,50 and the fictional astronauts make no comment about an artificial-looking lunar formation revealed by a flare, either at the time or later in the film.51 Hoagland has said that he considers von Braun and Disney intended the film to portray the Moon as previously inhabited, while paying homage to the Masonic number 33.52 Hoagland has also said that the only launch pad at White Sands, where von Braun conducted his first American V-2 tests, was numbered Launch Complex 33.53 According to Dark Mission, NASA was staffed at all levels by German rocket scientists from Project Paperclip, including former Nazis and SS members such as von Braun.54 In July 1960, von Braun was appointed director of the newly established Marshall Space Flight Center and tasked with developing rockets for NASA.55 Hoagland has said that he placed many of his old Nazi colleagues into key positions at the new agency,56 and at von Braun’s behest, Kurt Debus was made the first Director of the Kennedy Space Center;57 Debus had been a colleague of von Braun’s during World War II.58

Jack Parsons and Ed Forman had early contact with the German rocket pioneers Oberth and von Braun.59 Parsons’ own quest was to develop solid-fuel rocket boosters as a simpler, cheaper and more reliable alternative to the liquid-fuelled rockets developed by Robert Goddard and von Braun.60 According to Dark Mission, von Braun and von Karman named Parsons as one of the three most important pioneers of the rocket age.61 Hoagland has speculated that von Braun may have discovered a private, parallel space programme by stumbling upon it at the dawn of the space age,62 and that he may not have known he was not at the top of the technological food chain until he discovered that hyperdimensional physics theory was real, and that he and his NASA co-workers had been excluded from exploiting its benefits.63

  1. Born 1912-03-23 in Wirsitz, second of three children of Baron Magnus and Baroness Emmy von Braun
    “Born on March 23, 1912, in Wirsitz, Germany, Von Braun was the second of three children born to aristocrats Baron Magnus and Baroness Emmy Von Braun.”
    Dark Mission ch12:94034-94177
  2. A telescope and Hermann Oberth's book led him to experiment with rocket motors
    “He received a telescope along with a copy of rocket pioneer Herman Oberth's A Rocket Into Interplanetary Space, which influenced him to experiment with rocket motors.”
    Dark Mission ch12:94378-94539
  3. At sixteen he organised an observatory construction team
    “At the age of sixteen, he organized an astronomical observatory construction team”
    Dark Mission ch12:94547-94624
  4. Studied mechanical engineering at Berlin Institute of Technology, joined German Society for Space Travel
    “then went on to study mechanical engineering at the Berlin Institute of Technology, where he became a member of the German Society for Space Travel.”
    Dark Mission ch12:94634-94775
  5. 1932: enrolled at Berlin University, assembled a team including his brother Magnus
    “In 1932, he enrolled at Berlin University, where he assembled a team of over a hundred scientists. Von Braun's team, which included his younger brother, Magnus, performed early experiments in rocket development.”
    Dark Mission ch12:94783-94982
  6. Treaty of Versailles barred artillery, so Germany funded liquid-fuelled rocket engines instead
    “After World War I, Germany wanted to improve its artillery capabilities but they were specifically prohibited from working on "big guns" by the Treaty of Versailles. Recognizing Von Braun's early research and development skills in "alternative munitions," they offered the young scientist a grant to conduct various experiments on liquid-fueled rocket engines—which technically, were not prohibited by Germany's post-War Treaty restrictions.”
    Dark Mission ch12:94996-95427
  7. Operated a secret laboratory near Peenemunde; research doubled as his doctoral thesis
    “Von Braun, who was still a student, operated at a secret laboratory on the Baltic Coast (near Peenemunde, a favorite summer vacation destination of his family), where his classified research doubled as his doctoral thesis.”
    Dark Mission ch12:95442-95657
  8. Oberth was the godfather of German rocketry and von Braun's mentor
    “Hermann Oberth is the godfather of, you know, German rocketry and Wernher von Braun's mentor.”
    The UFO Cover-Up Leads to One Secret Society — and One Final Event 01:11:24.6-01:11:30.8
  9. Remained in Germany after Hitler's 1933 rise to power despite options to leave
    “When Hitler came to power in 1933, Von Braun remained in Germany, even though he could have left and gone to France, England or America.”
    Dark Mission ch12:95777-95905
  10. Dornberger was assigned by Hitler to oversee his research for military use
    “Colonel Walter Dornberger was personally assigned by Hitler to oversee the research for "military applications."”
    Dark Mission ch12:96011-96109
  11. Hitler visited von Braun's laboratories in 1939 for a rocket demonstration
    “In 1939, Adolf Hitler himself visited the young scientist's labs where he was treated to an impressive demonstration of the capabilities of the rockets Von Braun's team had been developing”
    Dark Mission ch12:96125-96303
  12. Himmler personally offered him an SS commission weeks after the 1939 visit
    “a few weeks after the meeting Von Braun received a letter offering a commission in the SS from Himmler personally”
    Dark Mission ch12:96533-96637
  13. Close personal friend of Himmler, who offered him the SS rank of Major
    “it is now clear that Von Braun was a close personal friend of German Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler, who offered him the SS degree and rank of Major.”
    Dark Mission ch12:97252-97394
  14. Photographed with Himmler at his SS induction, the only time he wore the uniform
    “A testament to this is the fact that at his induction into the SS, the only time he is known to have worn his SS uniform, Himmler himself was in attendance, and the two were photographed together”
    Dark Mission ch12:98970-99158
  15. Was a Nazi party member
    “Debus, like Von Braun, was also a Nazi party member”
    Dark Mission ch12:116575-116620
  16. Hoagland considers the pressured/agonised account of his SS membership increasingly unlikely
    “The canonical history is that he was "pressured" by the Third Reich to become involved in many Nazi organizations and that he agonized over the decision, but this actually seems increasingly unlikely.”
    Dark Mission ch12:96651-96842
  17. Hoagland: von Braun held the rank of Major in the SS
    “Clearly, as a Major in the SS, Von Braun met the minimum criteria of "ardent Nazi."”
    Dark Mission ch12:100564-100641
  18. Hoagland: photo of the 1939 demonstration led directly to the SS commission and V-2 programme
    “Fig. 5-24 -Official photograph of the 1939 briefing and rocket demonstration for Adolf Hitler (front row, center) by Von Braun’s (inset) “amateur” rocket team - which led directly to Von Braun being personally offered a commission in the S.S. by Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler, and the V-2 Program at Peenemunde (National Archive)”
    Dark Mission ch12:170033-170354
  19. Hoagland: only known photo of SS Major von Braun shows him behind Himmler at induction
    “Fig. 5-25 - The only known photograph of SS Major Wernher Von Braun in his black SS uniform, directly behind Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler. Taken at Von Braun’s induction ceremony into the SS. (Source: National Archives)”
    Dark Mission ch12:170373-170584
  20. Perfected the A4 rocket, the world's first true ballistic missile
    “Von Braun perfected the A4, the world's first true ballistic missile, in the early 1940s.”
    Dark Mission ch12:99413-99496
  21. Engineered the surrender of 500 personnel as Allies neared the V-2 complex
    “As the Allies neared the capture of the V2 rocket complex, Von Braun engineered the surrender of 500 of his”
    Dark Mission ch12:99872-99976
  22. Brought to the United States under Project Paperclip
    “Von Braun and his compatriots were brought to America under Project Paperclip, despite some objections by investigators in the JOIA.”
    Dark Mission ch12:100057-100184
  23. JIOA investigators objected to bringing him to the US under Paperclip
    “despite some objections by investigators in the JOIA”
    Dark Mission ch12:100136-100184
  24. JIOA wrote its evaluation of von Braun on 1947-06-25
    “In its evaluation of Von Braun, written on June 25, 1947”
    Dark Mission ch12:100950-101002
  25. JIOA evaluation: reason for SS membership and arrest records could not be established
    “"It cannot be ascertained by this office what the reasons were which caused VON BRAUN to become a member of the SS. Neither can it be determined whether his positions in the SS were honorary, required by the Nazi party, or desired by VON BRAUN. No records of his arrest have been located."”
    Dark Mission ch12:101266-101545
  26. Hoagland: von Braun, Rudolph, Debus and other Paperclip scientists had elaborate Nazi pasts
    “The simple fact that Von Braun, Arthur Rudolph, Kurt Debus, Humbertus Strughold and many other German scientists with elaborate Nazi pasts were brought to the U.S. at all is a testament to Cold War convenience.”
    Dark Mission ch12:100191-100389
  27. Hoagland: Bush and von Karman used influence to have his SS past overlooked
    “Fortunately (for Von Braun) he had "friends in high places," not just in Germany, but in the U.S.—in the personages of Drs. Bush and Von Karman. Their influence was so powerful, that doubts expressed by the field investigators about Von Braun's SS Nazi past were ultimately "conveniently" overlooked.”
    Dark Mission ch12:100648-100937
  28. Bush played a key role bringing German rocket scientists, including von Braun, to the US
    “played a key role in bringing many of the German rocket scientists, like Wernher Von Braun, to the United States”
    Dark Mission ch12:66776-66882
  29. Bush's involvement brought ardent Nazis to the US illegally, violating Truman's orders
    “Bush originally played a key role in bringing Von Braun and other "ardent Nazis" to the U.S. illegally, in direct violation of President Truman's executive orders.”
    Dark Mission ch12:67454-67610
  30. Von Karman toured Peenemunde and Mittelwerk, met von Braun, recommended bringing him to the US
    “After the war, Von Karman was sent to Germany to interview the German rocket scientists and tour the Nazi facilities at Pennemunde and Mittlework. He did meet Von Braun there, and recommended he be brought to the U.S., which (as previously noted) was in violation of the directives of Project Paperclip.”
    Dark Mission ch12:91099-91392
  31. Enterprise Mission archival research confirms von Braun was a Major in the SS
    “Documents serendipitously obtained via an "Enterprise Mission" research foray into the National Archives in the mid-1990's, confirm that Von Braun during World War II was nothing less than a Major in the SS, the fearsome and fanatically loyal arm of the Nazi war machine entrusted to carry out the most inhuman acts of the regime.”
    Dark Mission ch12:92870-93196
  32. Linda Hunt: survivors said von Braun witnessed executions and abuse at the factories
    “Linda Hunt found survivors of the Nazi missile factories at Mittlework and Peenemunde who told her that Von Braun not only "witnessed executions and abuse of prisoners at those facilities,"”
    Dark Mission ch12:93204-93381
  33. Survivors told Linda Hunt von Braun ordered executions at least once
    “but on at least one occasion ordered executions”
    Dark Mission ch12:93394-93433
  34. Documents show he was commissioned to plan a V-2 radioactive strike on New York City
    “Recently, new documents also show that Von Braun was commissioned to come up with a plan near the end of World War II to use one of his V-2 rockets to bomb New York City with a radioactive device”
    Dark Mission ch12:93446-93635
  35. Sent to White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, after Paperclip cleared the way
    “Once they cleared the hurdles imposed by Paperclip, Von Braun and his team were quickly sent out to White Sands Missile Range, in New Mexico.”
    Dark Mission ch12:101647-101781
  36. At White Sands, tested captured A4/V-2 rockets and developed more powerful ones
    “There, they conducted tests on the captured V2s and worked on developing bigger and more powerful rockets.”
    Dark Mission ch12:101789-101887
  37. Appointed technical director of the US Army's ballistic weapon programme
    “Von Braun immediately showed his expertise and abilities as an organizer, and was eventually rewarded by being appointed technical director of the U.S. Army ballistic weapon program.”
    Dark Mission ch12:101896-102070
  38. Spent off-duty time in El Paso, Texas, near White Sands, in 1945
    “Fig. 5-26 - Wernher Von Braun and fellow “Project Paperclip” scientists spend off-duty time in El Paso, Texas -- from nearby “White Sands Missile Range,” in 1945.”
    Dark Mission ch12:170604-170761
  39. 1950: team transferred to Redstone Arsenal near Huntsville, Alabama
    “In 1950, Von Braun and his team of "former" Nazis were transferred to the Army's Redstone Arsenal near Huntsville, Alabama, where they developed the Redstone, Jupiter and Jupiter-C ballistic missiles.”
    Dark Mission ch12:102080-102271
  40. At Redstone Arsenal, developed the Redstone, Jupiter and Jupiter-C missiles
    “where they developed the Redstone, Jupiter and Jupiter-C ballistic missiles”
    Dark Mission ch12:102204-102271
  41. Hoagland: team made no attempt to conceal their Nazi pasts once in the US
    “Von Braun and his cohorts were so certain of their "value" that they made no attempt to conceal either their Nazi pasts or, apparently, their love for the Third Reich; having beaten the system through Paperclip, they evidently didn't care who knew of their "ardent Nazi" histories.”
    Dark Mission ch12:102306-102577
  42. Hoagland: members displayed swastikas and Nazi symbols at their US camps
    “The group freely displayed swastikas and other Nazi symbols on their clothes and on signs in the camps where they were kept for years after their immigration to the U.S.”
    Dark Mission ch12:102749-102916
  43. Became a US citizen in 1955
    “In 1955, Von Braun became a U.S. citizen and served as the primary army engineer for space exploration support.”
    Dark Mission ch12:106403-106506
  44. Served as the primary US Army engineer for space exploration support
    “served as the primary army engineer for space exploration support”
    Dark Mission ch12:106448-106506
  45. Predicted the Vanguard rocket would fail; was forbidden from launching his own satellite
    “Von Braun boldly predicted that Vanguard would fail, but was expressly forbidden from launching a U.S. Army satellite with his separate group in response.”
    Dark Mission ch12:106678-106823
  46. Hoagland: after Vanguard's failure his team was recruited to win the space race
    “Von Braun's team was then, suddenly, frantically recruited "to save the day"—and get the U.S. some kind of "win" in the onrushing space race.”
    Dark Mission ch12:106919-107055
  47. Wrote articles in Collier's promoting space travel to Americans
    “He wrote several articles in the popular quarterly magazine Collier's, and the success of these articles attracted the notice of 33° Scottish Rite Freemason Walt Disney.”
    Dark Mission ch12:103039-103201
  48. Walt Disney hired him to produce and star in three space television films
    “Disney hired Von Braun to produce and star in three popular television films about space travel in the future.”
    Dark Mission ch12:103209-103312
  49. Hoagland: the Disney films established him as America's most notable space expert
    “These programs helped establish Von Braun as America's most notable space expert.”
    Dark Mission ch12:103505-103579
  50. Man in Space: fictional rocket takes five days to the Moon, one pass around the far side
    “In the dramatization, Von Braun's rocket takes five days to get to the Moon, with a chance for one pass around the "dark side" before returning to Earth.”
    Dark Mission ch12:104253-104400
  51. Man in Space: astronauts make no comment on the artificial-looking lunar formation
    “*Not a word* is spoken about it in the dramatization, nor at any point later in the film. Von Braun simply inserted it without comment.”
    Dark Mission ch12:105506-105632
  52. Hoagland: film intended to portray the Moon as previously inhabited, homage to '33'
    “Von Braun and Disney obviously *intended* to portray the Moon as "previously inhabited" … and, simultaneously, pay homage to the Masonic "33º."”
    Dark Mission ch12:106177-106315
  53. Hoagland: White Sands' only launch pad, used for his first US V-2 tests, was Complex 33
    “In looking at the White Sands Missile Range, where Wernher Von Braun conducted his first V-2 tests in America, it came to light that there had, in fact, been only *one* launch pad at the range, yet it was numbered—"Launch Complex *33*."”
    Dark Mission ch12:130230-130463
  54. NASA was staffed at all levels by Paperclip scientists, including former Nazis and SS members
    “NASA—remember, an Agency riddled at all levels by "German rocket scientists" from Operation Paperclip, former Nazis and SS members like Von Braun”
    Dark Mission ch12:133910-134050
  55. July 1960: appointed director of Marshall Space Flight Center, tasked with NASA rockets
    “Von Braun was appointed director of the new Marshall Space Flight Center in July 1960 and given the task of developing the rockets for the new Agency.”
    Dark Mission ch12:113992-114135
  56. Hoagland: placed old Nazi colleagues into key NASA positions
    “Once established as the head of the Huntsville rocket development site, Von Braun placed many of his old Nazi cohorts into key positions in the new Space Agency.”
    Dark Mission ch12:116270-116424
  57. At his behest, Kurt Debus was made first Director of the Kennedy Space Center
    “At Von Braun's behest, Kurt Debus, a former colleague of Von Braun's in World War II, was made the first Director of the Kennedy Space Center.”
    Dark Mission ch12:116432-116567
  58. Debus had been his colleague during World War II
    “Kurt Debus, a former colleague of Von Braun's in World War II”
    Dark Mission ch12:116455-116514
  59. Parsons and Forman had early contact with Oberth and von Braun
    “Parsons and Ed Forman, his compatriot in chemistry and rocketry, are also known to have had early contact with German rocket pioneers Herrmann Oberth, and Oberth's "wunderkind" successor and protégé, Wernher Von Braun.”
    Dark Mission ch12:76319-76531
  60. Parsons sought solid-fuel alternatives to Goddard's and von Braun's liquid-fuelled rockets
    “Parson's personal quest was to create powerful solid-fuel boosters, which could someday—by being far simpler, thus cheaper and more reliable—supplant the liquid fueled complexities (and spectacular accidents) of Goddard and Von Braun's painful efforts at practical rocket development.”
    Dark Mission ch12:76904-77178
  61. Von Braun and von Karman named Parsons among the three most important rocket pioneers
    “both Wernher Von Braun and Von Karman named him as one of the "three most important pioneers" of the rocket age”
    Dark Mission ch12:90589-90697
  62. Hoagland speculates he may have discovered a private, parallel space programme
    “it may well be that one of the major players in the saga of *Dark Mission*, Dr. Wernher von Braun himself, only discovered this private space program by stumbling upon it at the dawn of space age.”
    Dark Mission ch6:46027-46219
  63. Hoagland speculates he may not have known NASA was excluded from hyperdimensional physics
    “It could well be that von Braun never even knew he wasn’t at the top of the technological food chain until this seminal moment in time, when he *must* have discovered the theory that we now call Hyperdimensional physics was very real, and that he and his NASA co-workers had been carefully excluded from exploiting its potential benefits.”
    Dark Mission ch6:46224-46553

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