Roswell is a city in south-eastern New Mexico, USA, with a population of about 50,000, up from roughly 15,000 in the late 1940s.1 Since the 1930s, the high plains of south-eastern New Mexico have served as a test area for the United States’ space and aerospace technology,2 and the White Sands testing ground lies a two-hour drive to the west of the crash site associated with the city.3 Robert Goddard worked alone in the deserts outside Roswell, corresponding frequently with Jack Parsons and his associates.4 Roswell now hosts an annual four-day UFO festival.5
Local New Mexico newspapers carried many reports of odd lights throughout 1947,6 including a disc-shaped object seen zigzagging across the sky on 1 July7 and something brightly lit that crossed the skies over Roswell in a north-westerly direction on the evening of 2 July, witnessed by members of the public and reported locally.8 On 5 July 1947, ranch foreman Mac Brazel said he found crash debris scattered across a cattle ranch 120 kilometres from Roswell,9 and that he then drove into town to report the find,10 in what became known as the Roswell incident (1947). The 1947 Roswell Army Air Field press release July 8 stated that the object had landed on a ranch near Roswell the previous week, and that the rancher, lacking phone facilities, stored the debris until he could contact the sheriff’s office, which in turn notified Major Jesse Marcel of the 509th Bomber Group Intelligence Office.11 A later report was issued stating that the Roswell disc was a crashed weather balloon.12 The following day, the Irish Times reported that the US War Department said it was without news of the New Mexico flying saucer and was checking with Roswell.13
Drawing on later reporting, Annie Jacobsen wrote that in July 1947 United States Signal Corps engineers tracked two anomalous objects flying across the south-western United States, occasionally hovering before continuing on.14 According to Jacobsen, one of the two objects crashed near Roswell, and the office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff took command and recovered the airframe and propulsion equipment, including the craft’s power source, in what she associated with the 1947 Roswell crash and debris retrieval.15 Jacobsen wrote that the craft was nothing like a conventional aircraft, with no wings or tail, a round fuselage and a dome on top.16 According to In Plain Sight, secret US Army memos declassified in 1994 referred to the object as a “flying disc”.17 The 1947 crash occurred in the vicinity of a government test facility in New Mexico and broke into two crash sites, in an event referred to as the 1947 Roswell Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) crash.18 According to the Report on the Historical Record of U.S. Government Involvement with Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), Volume I, a crashed balloon associated with Project Mogul outside Roswell is assessed to be the source of early UFO claims related to the incident.19
Edgar Mitchell grew up in Roswell, the site of the Roswell Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) crash.20 Growing up on a ranch in the Roswell area is said to have contributed to Mitchell’s lifelong championing of the UAP topic.21 Jesse Marcel later said he had been ordered to take part in a cover-up, and that the real debris he recovered near Roswell was extra-terrestrial in origin.22 Whitley Strieber wrote to Strom Thurmond that Brigadier General Arthur Exon told him personally in 1989 that there had been a “completely unequivocal cover-up” of a retrieved alien craft at Roswell that “went from Harry S. Truman on down”.23 Exon was allegedly heavily involved in the retrieval of the Roswell craft in 1947.24 Philip Corso said that an alien spacecraft crashed at Roswell in 1947 and was recovered by the US government, in what is also known as the 1947 Roswell UFO crash.25 Luis Elizondo said FBI agents visited ranchers in the Roswell area door-to-door to warn that anyone who spoke about the crash would be killed.26 President Bill Clinton said that, as far as he knew, an alien spacecraft did not crash in Roswell in 1947, that if the US Air Force had recovered alien bodies they had not told him, and that he wanted to know.27
Rumours of recovered flying saucers persisted into 1950: a 9 January 1950 issue of Time magazine reported claims that crashed “flying saucers” and “small humanoid looking bodies” had been recovered from crashes in New Mexico,28 and in March 1950 the 1950 Guy Hottel FBI memo told J. Edgar Hoover that an air force investigator had disclosed that three flying saucers had been recovered in New Mexico.29 The book Behind the Flying Saucers alleged there had been multiple crashes and retrievals of extra-terrestrial flying saucers in New Mexico.30 Richard C. Hoagland has cited 25 June 1947 as one possible date for the crash.31 According to Dark Mission, a memo mailed to Jaime Shandera described the crash of a flying saucer in the New Mexico desert near Roswell in 1947 and the recovery of bodies, followed by a cover-up.32 Jacobsen’s book Area 51 asserts that what crashed at Roswell in 1947 was in fact a Russian craft, built with the help of captured Nazi German scientists,33 and that the bodies recovered were “grotesquely deformed” children with unusually large heads and abnormally shaped, oversize eyes;34 her source for the book claimed the children were comatose but still alive.35 According to the book, Joseph Stalin had intended the craft to land in New Mexico and cause a War of the Worlds-style panic.36 Erik Nanstiel has said it is claimed the crash may have been caused when two discs passed too close to a high-powered radar station, the radar’s high-powered microwaves interrupting the field propulsion around the craft and causing it to veer off course and crash.37 According to Scott Ramsey, oil workers discovered a lenticular craft on 25 March 1948 after being called out to investigate a brush fire.38
Rey Hernandez has said that Mitchell’s parents owned two farm supply stores in the Roswell area,39 whose regular customers included most of the local ranchers and workers.40 Hernandez has said that after Mitchell returned from the Moon he was considered a hero both nationally and among the people of Roswell,41 and that on his visits to the town, old-timers and their children would pull him aside to tell him intimate stories about the ship that crashed there.42 In a confession tape, Shirley Wright said she had studied under Albert Einstein at Princeton and was taken to the crash site, given a tour inside the craft, shown eight dead bodies and one living entity, and had an exchange and communication with one of the entities.43 Tyler D. has said that the best place to conceal the truth is in a mess of confusion, and that the UFO narrative surrounding Roswell and Area 51 served as a cover story for covert activities.44 He has said the topic is difficult to understand because it has been intentionally confused and aggravated by other forces, both human and possibly nonhuman.45 Historian David Marler, based near Roswell, has compiled a large collection of top-secret files spanning more than fifty years.46 Ross Coulthart later travelled to Western Australia Exmouth to investigate reported strange aerial activity above the town, described as Australia’s own Roswell;47 an anonymous source claiming to be a senior US defence or intelligence official told Coulthart that one recovered alien spacecraft came from near Roswell.48 The 1947 Australian UAP sightings all occurred just before the Roswell sighting event.49 During the 2007 Roswell horseshoe-object sighting, witness Patricia Carroll reported seeing a triangular or possibly horseshoe-shaped, dimly lit object that looked ghostly or smoky and seemed to dim and brighten in and out of visibility.50