The Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP) was a Pentagon effort that, according to Department of Defense officials, programme participants, and records obtained by The New York Times, investigated reports of Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) incidents.1 The New York Times reported that the programme began in 2007, with parts of it remaining classified.2 It grew out of the broader Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP), whose scope was much wider than AATIP’s focus on military-only encounters;3 after AAWSAP ended, AATIP was created from its remnants.4 It was launched from the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (OUSDI) and managed by Luis Elizondo, a career counterintelligence officer,5 who ran it from an office on the fifth floor of the Pentagon’s C-Ring.6 It was funded largely at the request of Harry Reid, then majority leader of the United States Senate,7 and most of that money went to an aerospace research company run by Robert Bigelow, a billionaire entrepreneur and longtime friend of Reid’s.8 Of the United States Department of Defense (DoD)’s roughly $600 billion annual budget, the programme’s $22 million in funding was almost impossible to find.9
By 2009, Reid had concluded that the programme had made discoveries extraordinary enough to argue for heightened security around it.10 A Pentagon briefing summary prepared by the programme’s director at the time asserted that “what was considered science fiction is now science fact”, and that the United States was incapable of defending itself against some of the technologies discovered, according to The New York Times.11 In a memo to Deputy Secretary of Defense William Lynn III dated 2009-07-24 — the Harry Reid memo to William Lynn III on Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP) Special Access Program status (2009-07-24) — Reid requested that AATIP be designated a “Special Access Program” (SAP).12 Reid wrote that much progress had been made identifying several highly sensitive, unconventional aerospace-related findings, and asked that the designation be limited to a short list of officials.13 The request was denied.14 Reid later said the Pentagon’s refusal to let him view alleged retrieved materials was why he had sought that status for the programme.15
Elizondo has been described as a former senior US Defense Department intelligence officer who led the Pentagon’s secret UFO investigation team, AATIP.16 By 2019, however, Pentagon spokesperson Christopher Sherwood told journalist Keith Kloor that Elizondo had no responsibilities regarding AATIP while he worked in OUSDI.17 This contradicted an earlier statement: in December 2017, Pentagon spokeswoman Dana White told Politico that AATIP existed and was run by Elizondo.18 Sherwood said in 2019 that he could not confirm White’s statement.19 Pentagon spokesperson Susan Gough said the same month that Elizondo had no assigned responsibilities for AATIP while in OUSDI,20 that the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) administered the programme and that Elizondo was never assigned to the DIA,21 though he did interact with the DIA office managing it while it was ongoing, without leading it.22 Kloor noted that Elizondo had not supplied documents, such as memorandums or emails, connecting him to AATIP, despite providing other material to reporters to establish his credentials,23 and that his resignation letter to James Mattis made no mention of AATIP or of a role as its director.24 Harold E. Puthoff countered that, as an AAWSAP/AATIP contractor and senior advisor, he continued to attend meetings, provide briefings and gain access to videos under Elizondo’s leadership until Elizondo resigned.25 The Black Vault noted that the Reid memo’s 2009-07-24 date preceded Elizondo’s claimed start as the programme’s director by at least five months, and concluded the memo did not disprove the Pentagon’s position.26
Elizondo said the programme’s mission was to collect and analyse information involving Anomalous Aerial Vehicle (AAV) sightings.27 He said the vehicles studied showed no obvious signs of propulsion, wings, or control surfaces,28 could evade radar,29 and appeared able to fly through air and water, and possibly space.30 He said some had been observed reaching 600 to 700 G-forces31 and flying at approximately 21,000 kilometres per hour.32 A separate assessment slide, found on Christopher K. Mellon’s website and headed “DoD Threat Scenario”, asserted that the science exists for an adversary to manipulate both physical and cognitive environments to penetrate US facilities, influence decision-makers and compromise national security, according to the book In Plain Sight.33 The programme collected video and audio recordings of reported incidents, including footage from a Navy F/A-18 Super Hornet showing an aircraft surrounded by a glowing aura, travelling at high speed and rotating as it moved.34 In August 2017 it released a video showing a whitish oval object, about the size of a commercial plane, chased by two Navy F/A-18F fighters from the aircraft carrier USS Nimitz off the coast of San Diego in 2004.35 Jay Stratton later said he changed the official acronym for the phenomenon from UFO to Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) while working with the AATIP team at Skinwalker Ranch.36 Staff were described as a loose-knit mix of scientists, electro-optical engineers, avionics specialists, and intelligence experts, often working part-time,37 and investigators considered mundane explanations — such as new Chinese cruise missile technology38 or a high-altitude reconnaissance balloon39 — before concluding a sighting was a UAP. Elizondo said two colleagues working with the programme were under medical care for cutaneous and visceral injuries sustained from interactions with UAP,40 and that his longtime friend John Robert, who worked around the team without being formally part of it, experienced similar symptoms.41
Neill Tipton helped build the programme,42 and Stratton secured 10 million US dollars in new funding for AATIP from Reid,43 though the funds were subsequently redirected to another DoD programme after ambiguous language in the funding bill allowed the money to be reassigned to a different line item.44 Eric Davis, an astrophysicist with high-level national security clearances, worked with Puthoff as a contractor for AAWSAP/AATIP.45 Elizondo’s later base of operations for the programme was office 3C503A — third floor, C-ring, fifth corridor, alpha suite — at the Pentagon.46 Pentagon officials told The New York Times that AATIP had ended after five years, in 2012.47 Elizondo said that only the government funding ended in 2012, and that the effort itself continued;48 he said he went on to work with officials from the US Navy and the CIA on the programme.49 Pentagon official Garry Reid — not to be confused with Senator Harry Reid — later stated that the programme was terminated in 2012.50 According to The New York Times, The Pentagon acknowledged in December 2017, in response to its questions, that the programme existed and had begun as part of the DIA.51 The first two Defense Department UAP videos made public were posted by To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science in mid-December 2017, timed to coincide with reporting on AATIP by Politico, The Washington Post, and The New York Times.52
Elizondo’s public disclosure of the programme’s existence was a major factor in the eventual creation of the Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena Task Force and later the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO).53 In August 2020, the Pentagon revived the effort under a new name, the UAP Task Force.54 A 2024 US government historical review found that, unlike AAWSAP, AATIP was never an official Department of Defense programme; after AAWSAP was cancelled, the name continued to be used by individuals associated with an informal, unofficial UAP community of interest within the Department.55 The same review dated the coordinated stand-up of AAWSAP, administered by the DIA in coordination with OUSDI, to 2009, using AATIP as an alternative name for the effort.56 It found that AAWSAP/AATIP was terminated in 2012 upon completion of its deliverables, owing to DIA and Department of Defense concerns about the project,57 and that it had uncovered no substantive UAP case work beyond review of Project Blue Book and private cases, interviews of UAP observers, and unrelated work investigating alleged paranormal activity at a property in Utah.58